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Lymphatic System and Immunity Turk Lymphatic Vessels • lymph • • • • ▫ protein-containing interstitial fluid lymph capillaries collecting vessels Trunks Ducts ▫ right lymphatic duct ▫ thoracic duct cisterna chyli • internal jugular vein and subclavian vein • edema (swelling) • Lymph Organs • Lymph Nodes ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions phagocytic macrophages lymphocytes capsule T lymph sinuses and large lymph capillaries afferent lymphatic vessels efferent lymphatic vessels bubo pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) Lymph Organs • Spleen ▫ lymphocyte proliferation, immune surveillance, and response ▫ splenectomy • Thymus • Tonsils ▫ palatine tonsils ▫ lingual tonsil ▫ pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) Nonspecific Body Defenses • first line defense = skin and mucosae • second line of defense = chemical and cellular defenses • Immune System = third line of defense • Phagocytes • Natural Killer Cells • Inflammation ▫ Redness, heat, swelling, pain • Fever Specific Body Defenses • • • • antigen specific systemic has a memory humoral immunity – antibody-mediated immunity ▫ plasma cells • cellular – cell-mediated immunity ▫ T lymphocytes Specific Body Defenses • Antigens ▫ Self Antigens: MHC proteins class I MHC proteins class II MHC proteins • Lymphocytes ▫ T cells - thymus ▫ immunocompetent ▫ B cells - bone marrow Humoral Immune Response • • • • • • • • • • antigen challenge helper T cell B cell clonal Immunological Memory Active and Passive Humoral Immunity ▫ naturally acquired ▫ artificially acquired gamma globulin (antibodies) complement fixation and activation neutralization agglutination precipitation Monoclonal Antibodies Cell Mediated Immune Response • • • • • T4 cells – helper T cells T8 cells – cytotoxic T cells double recognition – recognize nonself and self class I MHC class II MHC Cell Mediated Immune Response • T cell Activation ▫ 1) Antigen Binding ▫ 2) Costimulation binding another surface receptor interleukin 1 and 2 • Helper T cells • Cytotoxic T cells ▫ killer T cells ▫ perforin • allographs Homestatic Imbalances of Immunity • Immunodeficiencies ▫ Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) ▫ Aquired Immunodeficiencies Hodgkin’s disease Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • Autoimmune Diseases ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Multiple Sclerosis Myasthenia gravis Graves’ disease Type I (juvenile) diabetes mellitus Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) Glomerulonephritis Rheumatoid arthritis 1) Ineffective lymphocyte programming 2) New self antigens are produced 3) cross- reaction of antibodies against antigens with self Homestatic Imbalances of Immunity • Hypersensitivities ▫ allergies ▫ Immediate Hypersensitivity (aka acute or type I) Anaphylaxis ▫ Subacute Hypersensitivities ▫ Delayed Hypersensitivities allergic contact dermitis
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