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MusclesPart3Lower 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs • Pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial skeleton • Permits little movement • Has few muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Position the Lower Limbs • Three Groups 1. Muscles that move the thigh 2. Muscles that move the leg 3. Muscles that move the foot and toes © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Thigh • Gluteal muscles • Lateral rotators • Adductors • Iliopsoas © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Gluteal Muscles • Gluteus maximus • Largest, most posterior gluteal muscle • Produces extension and lateral rotation at hip • Tensor fasciae latae • Works with gluteus maximus • Stabilizes iliotibial tract • Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus • Originate anterior to gluteus maximus • Insert on trochanter © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11-19a Muscles That Move the Thigh Iliac crest Sacrum Gluteal Group Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus (cut) Gluteus maximus Gluteus minimus Gluteal region, posterior view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11-19b Muscles That Move the Thigh Gluteal Group Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Sartorius Tensor fasciae latae Iliotibial tract Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Biceps femoris, long head Biceps femoris, short head Semimembranosus Patella Plantaris Head of fibula Patellar ligament Lateral view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Figure 11–19) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Lateral Rotators • Group of six muscles, including the dominant: 1. Piriformis 2. Obturator © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11-19c Muscles That Move the Thigh Gluteal Group Gluteus maximus (cut) Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae Lateral Rotator Group Piriformis Superior gemellus Obturator internus Inferior gemellus Quadratus femoris Ischial tuberosity Iliotibial tract © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view, deep muscles Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Figure 11–19) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Adductors • Adductor magnus • Produces adduction, extension, and flexion • Adductor brevis • Hip flexion and adduction • Adductor longus • Hip flexion and adduction © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Adductors • Pectineus • Hip flexion and adduction • Gracilis • Hip flexion and adduction © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11-19d Muscles That Move the Thigh Iliopsoas Group Psoas major Iliacus L5 Lateral Rotator Group Piriformis Inguinal ligament Obturator internus Adductor Group Obturator externus Pectineus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Figure 11–19) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Iliopsoas • Two hip flexors insert on the same tendon 1. Psoas major 2. Iliacus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11-19d Muscles That Move the Thigh Iliopsoas Group Psoas major Iliacus L5 Lateral Rotator Group Piriformis Inguinal ligament Obturator internus Adductor Group Obturator externus Pectineus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Figure 11–19) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature A&P FLIX Muscles that Act on the Hip Joint and Femur: An Overview A&P FLIX Anterior Muscles that Cross the Hip Joint A&P FLIX Medial Muscles that Cross the Hip Joint A&P FLIX Posterior Muscles that Cross the Hip Joint © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Leg • Flexors of the knee • Originate on the pelvic girdle • Extensors of the knee • Originate on the femoral surface • Insert on the patella © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Flexors of the Knee • Hamstrings • Biceps femoris • Semimembranosus • Semitendinosus • Sartorius • Originates superior to the acetabulum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11-20a Muscles That Move the Leg Iliac crest Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Flexors of the Knee Biceps femoris, long head Biceps femoris, short head Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Sartorius Popliteus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Hip and thigh, posterior view 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Extensors of the Knee • Four muscles of the quadriceps femoris • Three vastus muscles • Rectus femoris muscle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11-20b Muscles That Move the Leg Anterior superior iliac spine Inguinal ligament Gluteus medius Iliacus Psoas major Iliopsoas Pubic tubercle Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Sartorius Extensors of the Knee (Quadriceps muscles) Iliotibial tract Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Quadriceps tendon Patella Patellar ligament © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Quadriceps and thigh muscles, anterior view Table 11-17 Muscles That Move the Leg (Figure 11–20) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11-20c Muscles That Move the Leg POSTERIOR Sciatic nerve Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Femur Biceps femoris, long head Extensors of the Knee (Quadriceps muscles) Biceps femoris, short head Gracilis Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Sartorius Vastus medialis Adductor magnus Adductor longus Rectus femoris ANTERIOR Sectional view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Flexors of the Knee 11-6 Appendicular Musculature A&P FLIX Muscles that Cross the Knee Joint: An Overview A&P FLIX Anterior Extensors that Act on the Knee A&P FLIX Posterior Flexors that Act on the Knee © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes • Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes include: • Muscles that produce extension at the ankle • Muscles that produce flexion at the ankle • Muscles that produce extension at the toes • Muscles that produce flexion at the toes © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Four Muscles That Produce Extension (Plantar Flexion) at the Ankle 1. Gastrocnemius 2. Soleus 3. Fibularis (group) 4. Tibialis posterior © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11-21a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Superficial Dissection Ankle Extensors Plantaris Gastrocnemius, medial head Gastrocnemius, lateral head Soleus Gastrocnemius (cut and removed) Calcaneal tendon Calcaneus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior views Popliteus Figure 11-21a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Deep Dissection Head of fibula Ankle Extensors (Deep) Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Digital Flexors Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Tendon of fibularis brevis Tendon of fibularis longus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior views 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes • The Achilles Tendon • The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) • Shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Produce Flexion (Dorsiflexion) at the Ankle • Tibialis anterior • Opposes the gastrocnemius © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Produce Extension at the Toes • Extensor digitorum longus • Extensor hallucis longus • Extensor retinacula fibrous sheaths • Hold tendons of toes as they cross the ankle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11-21b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Iliotibial tract Ankle Extensors Head of fibula Gastrocnemius, lateral head Ankle Flexors Tibialis anterior Fibularis longus Soleus Fibularis brevis Digital Extensors Extensor digitorum longus Superior extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Calcaneal tendon Inferior extensor retinaculum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateral view Figure 11-21c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Patella Medial surface of tibial shaft Patellar ligament Ankle Flexors Ankle Extensors Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius, medial head Soleus Tibialis posterior Superior extensor retinaculum Digital Extensors Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Calcaneal tendon Flexor retinaculum Tendon of tibialis anterior Inferior extensor retinaculum Medial view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Produce Flexion at the Toes • Flexor digitorum longus • Flexor hallucis longus • Oppose the extensors © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11-21a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Deep Dissection Head of fibula Ankle Extensors (Deep) Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Digital Flexors Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Tendon of fibularis brevis Tendon of fibularis longus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior views Table 11-18 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Figure 11–21) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 11-18 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Figure 11–21) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature A&P FLIX Muscles that Act on the Ankle and Foot: An Overview A&P FLIX Anterior Muscles that Act on the Ankle and Foot A&P FLIX Posterior Muscles that Act on the Ankle and Foot (a) A&P FLIX Posterior Muscles that Act on the Ankle and Foot (b) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • The Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot • Muscles that move the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges and originate and insert only on those bones © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11-22a Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Superior extensor retinaculum Tendon of fibularis brevis Medial malleolus of tibia Lateral malleolus of fibula Tendon of tibialis anterior Inferior extensor retinaculum Intrinsic Muscles of the Great Toe Tendons of extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis brevis Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Abductor hallucis Dorsal interossei Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Tendons of extensor digitorum brevis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Dorsal view Figure 11-22b Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Superficial Muscles of the Sole of the Foot Fibrous tendon sheaths Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Lumbricals Tendons of flexor digitorum brevis overlying tendons of flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor digiti minimi Plantar aponeurosis (cut) Calcaneus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Plantar view, superficial layer Figure 11-22c Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Deep Muscles of the Sole of the Foot Tendons of flexor digitorum brevis Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Lumbricals Tendons of flexor digitorum longus Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor hallucis Quadratus plantae Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor digiti minimi Plantar aponeurosis (cut) Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Tendon of tibialis posterior Tendon of fibularis longus Calcaneus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Plantar view, deep layer Table 11-19 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot (Figure 11–22) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-7 Effects of Aging on the Muscular System • Effects of Aging • Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter • Skeletal muscles become less elastic • Develop increasing amounts of fibrous tissue (fibrosis) • Decreased tolerance for exercise • Decreased ability to recover from muscular injuries © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-8 Muscular System Integration • Cardiovascular System • Delivers oxygen and fuel • Removes carbon dioxide and wastes • Respiratory System • Responds to oxygen demand of muscles • Integumentary System • Disperses heat from muscle activity • Nervous and Endocrine Systems • Direct responses of all systems © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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