Download Name HONORS FORENSIC SCIENCE FORENSIC SEROLOGY

Name _______________________________
HONORS FORENSIC SCIENCE
FORENSIC SEROLOGY –BLOOD AND BODILY FLUIDS
I.
II.
III.
General –
i. Blood __________________________________________________________
ii. _______________________________________________________________
History
i. 1901 – Karl Landsteiner – ____________________________________________; won
Nobel Prize
ii. 1937 – _____________________________________________________________
Blood
i. Composed of a _______________________________________________________
ii. Fluid portion of blood = ________________________________________________
iii. Suspended in plasma are
1. _____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
iv. Blood clots __________________________________________________________
v. If remove clotted material would have ____________________________________
vi. On RBC surface are ___________________________________________________
1. _____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________
vii. Method to Type Blood
1. Serum contains proteins (antibodies) that ___________________
______________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________
viii. People in US with different blood types
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
4. _____________________________________
5. Rh
IV.
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
Forensic Characterization of Blood
i. Questions to Ask
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. If human, ________________________________________________________
ii. Is it Blood?
1. Must have enough _________________________________________________
2. Some chemicals ___________________________________________________
then cannot be performed
3. __________________________________________ can also degrade samples
4. _________________________________________________________________
5. Tests
1. Presumptive Tests – __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
1. ____________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________
i. Both Kastle Meyer and Benzidine are based on the
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Hemastix ___________________________________________
4. Luminal – ___________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________
6. Does not interfere with ________________________________
2. Confirmatory Tests – ________________________________________
1. ____________________________________________________
2. Also called Microcrystalline Tests – _______________________
____________________________________________________
3. Teichmann and Takayama Tests
iii. What Species?
1. Preciptin test
1. Precipitin = ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. IF inject animal with human blood, _____________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. Isolate these antibodies = _____________________________________
2. Various methods to perform tests
V.
1. Gel Diffusion – _______________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
2. Electrophorectic method – ______________________________
i. _____________________________________________
ii. _____________________________________________
iii. _____________________________________________
iv. _____________________________________________
iv. Can blood be associated to a particular individual?
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. Typing Dried Stains – _______________________________________________
1. __________________________________________________________.
Can still get antigens out.
2. Treatment with anti-serum; ___________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. Excess antibodies are _________________________________________
4. Antibodies and antigens are ___________________________________
___________________________________________________________
5. Add known _________________________________________________
______________________________________________ on the added
blood cells were originally on stained material as well
6. ___________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________
3. Secretors
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. = an _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
fluids (semen, saliva, etc)
4. Blood Enzymes and Proteins
1. __________________________________________________________
2. Enzyme = __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. Many are ____________________________________ and can be
separated into iso-enzymes ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________ (p. 335)
Principles of Heredity
i. Transmission of our Traits
1. All antigens, polymorphic enzymes and proteins are
_________________________________________________________________
2. Transmission of hereditary material is _________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. Reproductive cells (egg and sperm) _________________________________
________________________the parent. During fertilization, _______________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________ _________________________________
5. If the two genes are alike = ___________________________________________
6. If the two genes are different = _______________________________________
7. The genes present in an individual = ___________________________________
8. The physical manifestation of the genetic trait = __________________________
9. Principles of heredity are useful in ____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
10. Punnet Squares ____________________________________________________
11. Example: Male parent is Type O (phenotype) and therefore has OO as his
genotype and female parent is Type AB (phenotype) and therefore has AB as her
genotype. Construct a Punnet square to determine possible genotypes and
phenotypes of their offspring.
12. _________________________________________________________________
13. Bottom line, _______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
14. Useful in __________________________________________________________
VI.
Stain Patterns of Blood
i. Information bloodstain patterns provide includes:
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. The relative positions of the __________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________
VII.
_________________________________________________________________
6. _________________________________________________________________
7. The truthfulness of _________________________________________________
ii. Circumstances that affect stain patterns
1. Surface texture – in general, __________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________. The pointed
end ______________________________________________________________
3. The impact angle of blood on a ________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
Example – right angle = nearly circular. _________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. Origin of spatter: __________________________________________________
________________________________________ The intersection or point of
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5. Edges – can indicate velocity __________________________________. Higher
velocity impacts produce ____________________________________________
iii. Classifying projected spatters
1. Low velocity spatters – ______________________________________________
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. Arterial bleeding is ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
because of centrifugal force
2. Medium velocity spatters – ___________________________________________
1. Smaller droplets are __________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. Blood mixed with ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. High velocity spatters – faster _________________________________________
1. Aerosol spray indicates _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. Bloodstain associated with entrance wound =
_________________________________, _________________________
___________________________________________________________
1. ____________________________________________________
3. Bloodstain found near exit wound = _____________________________
___________________________________________________________
Other Bodily Fluids
i. Semen
1. Normal male ______________________________________________________
2. Each ml __________________________________________________________
3. Forensic characterization of semen is __________________________________
1. ____________________________________________________
i. _____________________________________________
ii. __________________________________________, can
use tests to determine presence of seminal fluid
2. ____________________________________________________
4. Presumptive tests
1. Acid Phosphatase Color Test
1. ____________________________________________________
2. Use of reagent on materials _____________________________
____________________________________________________
3. May produce _________________________________________
5. Confirmatory tests
1. Microscopic Examination – ____________________________________
1. Problem – if individual had vasectomy, ____________________
___________________________________________________
2. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 1. ___________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________
6. Secretor Status
1. Can determine ______________________________________________
ii. Saliva
1. May be recovered from ______________________________________________
2. May reveal ABO ____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. Testing for saliva involves testing for ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________