Download Douglas C. Giancoli

PHYSICS
PRINCIPLES WITH APPLICATIONS
Fifth Edition
Douglas C. Giancoli
PRENTICE HALL, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
о
N
N
KINEMATICS IN TWO
DIMENSIONS; VECTORS
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
PREFACE
Xll
NOTES TO STUDENTS AND
INSTRUCTORS ON THE FORMAT
1
INTRODUCTION
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
Science and creativity
Physics and its relation to other fields
Models, theories, and laws
Measurement and uncertainty
Units, standards, and the SI system
Converting units
Order of magnitude: rapid estimating
Mathematics in physics
SUMMARY
PROBLEMS
2
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
*2-8
15
16
QUESTIONS 16
GENERAL PROBLEMS
DESCRIBING MOTION:
KINEMATICS IN ONE
DIMENSION
2
4
5
6
8
11
12
15
QUESTIONS 4 1
GENERAL PROBLEMS
20
21
23
24
26
29
29
32
38
46
QUESTIONS 7 0
GENERAL PROBLEMS
MOTION AND FORCE:
DYNAMICS
17
19
Vectors and scalars
Addition of vectors—graphical methods
Subtraction of vectors, and
multiplication of a vector by a scalar
Adding vectors by components
**• Problem solving: adding vectors
Projectile motion
Solving problems involving projectile
motion
*+ Problem solving: projectile motion
Projectile motion is parabolic
Relative velocity
SUMMARY 6 9
PROBLEMS 7 0
XXII
Reference frames and displacement
Average velocity
Instantaneous velocity
Acceleration
Motion at constant acceleration
Solving problems
*» Problem solving
Falling objects
Graphical analysis of linear motion
SUMMARY 4 1
PROBLEMS 4 2
*3*3-
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
48
48
49
51
52
56
57
60
60
66
66
75
77
Force
77
Newton's first law of motion
78
Mass
80
Newton's second law of motion
80
Newton's third law of motion
83
Weight—the force of gravity; and the
normal force
87
Solving problems with Newton's laws:
vector forces and free-body diagrams 89
*+• Problem solving: Newton's laws;
Free-body diagrams
91
Applications involving friction, inclines 96
Problem solving—A general approach 102
*• Problem solving: in general
102
SUMMARY 1 0 3
PROBLEMS 1 0 4
QUESTIONS
103
GENERAL PROBLEMS
110
iii
LINEAR MOMENTUM
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-6
*7-7
CIRCULAR MOTION;
GRAVITATION
5-1
5-2
5-3
*5-4
*5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
*5-9
5-10
112
Kinematics of uniform circular motion
Dynamics of uniform circular motion
A car rounding a curve
Nonuniform circular motion
Centrifugation
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Gravity near the Earth's surface;
geophysical applications
Satellites and "weightlessness"
Kepler's laws and Newton's synthesis
Types of forces in nature
*• Problem solving: uniform circular
motion and gravity
SUMMARY 1 3 8
PROBLEMS 1 3 9
QUESTIONS 1 3 8
GENERAL PROBLEMS
112
115
119
122
123
124
7-8
*7-9
*7-10
8
8-1
8-2
137
8-3
8-4
8-5
143
8-6
6
6-1
*6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7
6-8
6-9
6-10
W O R K A N D ENERGY
Work done by a constant force
**• Problem solving: work
Work done by a varying force
Kinetic energy, and the work-energy
principle
Potential energy
Conservative and nonconservative
forces
Mechanical energy and its conservation
Problem solving using conservation of
mechanical energy
Other forms of energy; energy
transformations and the law of
conservation of energy
Energy conservation with dissipative
forces: solving problems
** Problem solving: conservation of
energy
Power
SUMMARY 1 7 2
PROBLEMS 1 7 4
iv
CONTENTS
QUESTIONS
172
GENERAL PROBLEMS
145
146
149
150
150
153
157
158
159
166
167
169
169
178
Momentum and its relation to force
180
Conservation of momentum
182
Collisions and impulse
185
Conservation of energy and momentum
in collisions
187
Elastic collisions in one dimension—
solving problems using energy and
momentum conservation
188
Inelastic collisions
190
Collisions in two or three dimensions 192
*+• Problem solving: momentum
conservation and collisions
194
Center of mass (см)
194
CM for the human body
197
Center of mass and translational
motion
199
SUMMARY 2 0 1
PROBLEMS 2 0 2
127
129
133
137
8-7
8-8
*8-9
180
QUESTIONS 2 0 1
GENERAL PROBLEMS
ROTATIONAL MOTION
Angular quantities
Kinematic equations for uniformly
accelerated rotational motion
Rolling motion
Torque
Rotational dynamics; torque and
rotational inertia
Solving problems in rotational
dynamics
*• Problem solving: rotational
motion
Rotational kinetic energy
Angular momentum and its
conservation
Vector nature of angular quantities
SUMMARY 2 3 2
PROBLEMS 2 3 4
QUESTIONS 2 3 3
GENERAL PROBLEMS
207
209
209
214
215
217
220
222
223
225
228
230
239
BODIES IN EQUILIBRIUM;
ELASTICITY A N D FRACTURE 2 4 1
9-1
9-2
9-3
*9-4
•9-5
9-6
9-7
*9-8
Statics-the study of forces in
equilibrium
The conditions for equilibrium
Solving statics problems
*+• Problem solving: statics
Applications to muscles and joints
Stability and balance
Elasticity; stress and strain
Fracture
Spanning a space: arches and domes
SUMMARY 2 6 4
PROBLEMS 2 6 6
QUESTIONS 2 6 5
GENERAL PROBLEMS
241
243
245
245
250
252
253
258
261
272
11
11-1
11-2
-чЬ^
11-3
11-4
11-5
11-6
11-7
11-8
11-9
•11-10
10
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
П0-10
•10-11
•10-12
•10-13
FLUIDS
275
Density and specific gravity
Pressure in fluids
Atmospheric pressure and gauge
pressure
Pascal's principle
Measurement of pressure; gauges
and the barometer
Buoyancy and Archimedes' principle
Fluids in motion; flow rate and the
equation of continuity
Bernoulli's equation
Applications of Bernoulli's principle:
from Torricelli to sailboats, airfoils,
and TIA
Viscosity
Flow in tubes: Poiseuille's equation,
blood flow
Surface tension and capillarity
Pumps; the heart and blood pressure
SUMMARY 3 0 2
PROBLEMS 3 0 4
QUESTIONS 3 0 2
GENERAL PROBLEMS
275
276
11-11
11-12
•11-13
287
289
291
294
295
296
300
307
Simple harmonic motion
Energy in the simple harmonic
oscillator
The period and sinusoidal nature of
SHM
The simple pendulum
Damped harmonic motion
Forced vibrations; resonance
Wave motion
Types of waves: transverse and
longitudinal
Energy transported by waves
Intensity related to amplitude and
frequency
Reflection and interference of waves
Standing waves; resonance
Refraction and diffraction
SUMMARY 3 4 0
PROBLEMS 3 4 2
278
279
280
282
VIBRATIONS A N D WAVES
12
QUESTIONS 3 4 1
GENERAL PROBLEMS
309
312
314
319
320
321
322
326
329
330
331
334
337
345
347
SOUND
Characteristics of sound
Intensity of sound: decibels
Amplitude related to intensity
The ear and its response; loudness
Sources of sound: vibrating strings
and air columns
•12-6 Quality of sound, and noise
12-7 Interference of sound waves; beats
12-8 Doppler effect
•12-9 Shock waves and the sonic boom
•12-10 Applications; ultrasound and
medical imaging
12-1
12-2
•12-3
•12-4
12-5
SUMMARY 374
PROBLEMS 3 7 6
309
QUESTIONS
375
GENERAL PROBLEMS
CONTENTS
347
350
352
353
355
361
362
365
369
370
379
V
13
13-1
13-2
*13-3
13-4
13-5
13-6
13-7
13-8
13-9
13-10
13-11
*13-12
*13-13
*13-14
*13-15
TEMPERATURE AND
KINETIC THEORY
14-1
14-2
14-3
14-4
14-5
14-6
14-7
14-8
14-9
381
Atomic theory of matter
381
Temperature and thermometers
384
Thermal equilibrium and the zeroth
387
law of thermodynamics
Thermal expansion
388
Anomalous behavior of water
390
below 4°C
Thermal stresses
391
The gas laws and absolute
392
temperature
394
The ideal gas law
Problem solving with the ideal gas law 396
396
Ideal gas law in terms of molecules:
397
Avogadro's number
Kinetic theory and the molecular
399
interpretation of temperature
402
Distribution of molecular speeds
403
Real gases and changes of phase
405
Vapor pressure and humidity
Diffusion
408
SUMMARY 4 1 1 QUESTIONS 4 1 1
PROBLEMS 4 1 2 GENERAL PROBLEMS
14
15
HEAT
Heat as energy transfer
Distinction between temperature,
heat, and internal energy
Internal energy of an ideal gas
Specific heat
Calorimetry—solving problems
Latent heat
*+• Problem solving: calorimetry
Heat transfer: conduction
Heat transfer: convection
Heat transfer: radiation
SUMMARY 4 3 7 QUESTIONS 4 3 8
PROBLEMS 4 3 9 GENERAL PROBLEMS
THE LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS
The first law of thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics
applied to some simple systems
•15-3 Human metabolism and the first law
15-4 The second law of thermodynamics—
introduction
15-5 Heat engines
*15-6 Refrigerators, air conditioners, and
heat pumps
15-7 Entropy and the second law of
thermodynamics
15-8 Order to disorder
15-9 Unavailability of energy; heat death
*15-10 Evolution and growth; "Time's arrow"
П5-11 Statistical interpretation of entropy
and the second law
*15-12 Energy resources: thermal pollution
**• Problem solving: thermodynamics
15-1
15-2
SUMMARY 4 7 0 QUESTIONS 4 7 1
PROBLEMS 4 7 1 GENERAL PROBLEMS
CONTENTS
444
445
449
450
451
456
458
460
461
462
463
464
470
474
416
417
417
419
420
420
422
424
427
428
431
433
441
16
ELECTRIC CHARGE AND
ELECTRIC FIELD
Static electricity; electric charge
and its conservation
16-2 Electric charge in the atom
16-3 Insulators and conductors
16-4 Induced charge; the electroscope
16-5 Coulomb's law
16-6 Solving problems involving
Coulomb's law and vectors
16-7 The electric field
**• Problem solving: electrostatics
16-8 Field lines
16-9 Electric fields and conductors
*16-10 Electric forces in molecular biology:
DNA structure and replication
476
16-1
SUMMARY 4 9 6 QUESTIONS 4 9 6
PROBLEMS 4 9 7 GENERAL PROBLEMS
vi
443
477
478
479
479
481
483
486
490
490
492
493
499
17 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND
ELECTRIC ENERGY;
CAPACITANCE
19
502
17-1
Electric potential and potential
difference
17-2 Relation between electric potential
and electric field
17-3 Equipotential lines
17-4 The electron volt, a unit of energy
17-5 Electric potential due to point charges
*17-6 Electric dipoles
17-7 Capacitance
17-8 Dielectrics
17-9 Storage of electric energy
*17-10 Cathode ray tube: TV and computer
monitors, oscilloscope
•17-11 The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
SUMMARY 5 2 1 QUESTIONS 5 2 2
PROBLEMS 5 2 2 GENERAL PROBLEMS
502
506
507
508
509
511
513
514
516
518
520
Resistors in series and in parallel
EMF and terminal voltage
Kirchhoff's rules
Solving problems with Kirchhoff's
rules
*» Problem solving: Kirchhoff's rules
19-5 EMFs in series and in parallel;
charging a battery
19-6 Circuits containing capacitors in
series and in parallel
19-7 Circuits containing a resistor and a
capacitor
*19-8 Heart pacemakers
19-9 Electric hazards; leakage currents
»19-10 DC ammeters and voltmeters
*19-11 Effects of meter resistance
SUMMARY 579 QUESTIONS 579
PROBLEMS 581 GENERAL PROBLEMS
525
20-1
20-2
20-3
20-4
20-5
20-6
*20-7
18-1
18-2
18-3
18-4
*18-5
18-6
18-7
18-8
•18-9
•18-10
The electric battery
Electric current
Ohm's law: resistance and resistors
Resistivity
Superconductivity
Electric power
Power in household circuits
Alternating current
Microscopic view of electric current
The nervous system and nerve
conduction
SUMMARY 5 4 9 QUESTIONS 5 5 0
PROBLEMS 5 5 1 GENERAL PROBLEMS
527
528
530
532
534
537
538
540
541
544
546
553
555
19-1
19-2
19-3
19-4
20
18 ELECTRIC CURRENTS
DC CIRCUITS
*20-8
•20-9
•20-10
•20-11
•20-12
•20-13
•20-14
•20-15
556
562
564
566
567
568
568
570
572
573
575
578
585
MAGNETISM
588
Magnets and magnetic fields
Electric currents produce magnetism
Force on an electric current in a
magnetic field; definition of В
Force on an electric charge moving
in a magnetic field
Magnetic field due to a straight wire
Force between two parallel wires
Definition of the ampere and the
coulomb
Ampere's law
Torque on a current loop; magnetic
moment
Applications: galvanometers, motors,
loudspeakers
The hall effect
Mass spectrometer
Ferromagnetism; domains
Electromagnets and solenoids
Magnetic fields in magnetic materials;
hysteresis
*» Problem solving: magnetic fields
SUMMARY 6 1 4
PROBLEMS 6 1 5
QUESTIONS 6 1 4
GENERAL PROBLEMS
CONTENTS
588
591
592
594
597
597
599
599
603
604
606
607
608
610
611
613
620
vii
21
21-1
21-2
21-3
21-4
21-5
*21-6
21-7
*21-8
*21-9
*21-10
•21-11
•21-12
*21-13
*21-14
•21-15
ELECTROMAGNETIC I N D U C T I O N
A N D FARADAY'S LAW;
AC CIRCUITS
622
Induced EMF
Faraday's law of induction; Lenz's law
EMF induced in a moving conductor
Changing magnetic flux produces an
electric field
Electric generators
Counter EMF and torque;
eddy currents
Transformers; transmission of power
Applications of induction: magnetic
microphone, tape recording, computer
memory, and the seismograph
Inductance
Energy stored in a magnetic field
LR circuit
AC circuits and impedance
LRC series AC circuit; problem solving
Resonance in AC circuits; oscillators
Impedance matching
SUMMARY 6 5 2
PROBLEMS 6 5 4
22
22-1
*22-2
22-3
*22-4
22-5
22-6
*22-7
*22-8
QUESTIONS 6 5 2
GENERAL PROBLEMS
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Changing electric fields produce
magnetic fields; Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's fourth equation;
displacement current
Production of electromagnetic waves
Calculation of the speed of
electromagnetic waves
Light as an electromagnetic wave and
the electromagnetic spectrum
Measuring the speed of light
Energy in EM waves
Radio and television
SUMMARY 6 7 9
PROBLEMS 6 8 0
QUESTIONS 6 8 0
GENERAL PROBLEMS
622
624
627
628
629
631
633
637
638
640
641
642
646
649
650
658
660
661
23
The ray model of light
Reflection; image formation by a
plane mirror
23-3 Formation of images by spherical
mirrors
**• Problem solving: spherical mirrors
23-4 Index of refraction
23-5 Refraction: Snell's law
23-6 Total internal reflection; fiber optics
23-7 Thin lenses; ray tracing
23-8 The lens equation
23-9 Problem solving for lenses
**• Problem solving: thin lenses
*23-10 Problem solving for combinations
of lenses
"23-11 The lensmaker's equation
23-1
23-2
SUMMARY 7 1 5
PROBLEMS 7 1 7
662
664
666
669
672
673
676
682
LIGHT: GEOMETRIC OPTICS
24
THE WAVE NATURE OF
LIGHT
Waves versus particles;
Huygens' principle and diffraction
24-2 Huygens' principle and the
law of refraction
24-3 Interference—Young's double-slit
experiment
24-4 The visible spectrum and dispersion
24-5 Diffraction by a single slit or disk
24-6 Diffraction grating
24-7 The spectrometer and spectroscopy
24-8 Interference by thin films
*24-9 Michelson interferometer
24-10 Polarization
*24-ll Scattering of light by the atmosphere
*+ Problem solving: interference
CONTENTS
683
684
688
695
696
696
699
702
706
707
707
709
711
721
723
24-1
SUMMARY 7 5 1
PROBLEMS 7 5 2
VII
QUESTIONS 7 1 6
GENERAL PROBLEMS
683
QUESTIONS 7 5 2
GENERAL PROBLEMS
724
725
727
731
732
735
738
739
743
744
749
750
755
27
EARLY QUANTUM
THEORY AND MODELS OF
inn
ОАЭ
AHJIVI
27-1
27-2
27-3
25
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
25-1
25-2
25-3
25-4
25-5
25-6
25-7
The camera
The human eye; corrective lenses
The magnifying glass
Telescopes
Compound microscope
Aberrations of lenses and mirrors
Limits of resolution; the Rayleigh
criterion
25-8 Resolution of telescopes and
microscopes
25-9 Resolution of the human eye and
useful magnification
*25-10 Specialty microscopes and contrast
25-11 X-rays and X-ray diffraction
*25-12 X-ray imaging and computerized
axial tomography (CAT scan)
SUMMARY 7 8 7
PROBLEMS 7 8 8
26
QUESTIONS 7 8 8
GENERAL PROBLEMS
SPECIAL THEORY OF
RELATTVITY
26-1 Galilean-Newtonian relativity
*26-2 The Michelson-Morley experiment
26-3 Postulates of the special theory of
relativity
26-4 Simultaneity
26-5 Time dilation and the twin paradox
26-6 Length contraction
26-7 Four-dimensional space-time
26-8 Momentum and mass
26-9 The ultimate speed
26-10 E=mc1; mass and energy
26-11 Relativistic addition of velocities
26-12 The impact of special relativity
SUMMARY 8 1 8
PROBLEMS 8 1 9
QUESTIONS 8 1 8
GENERAL PROBLEMS
757
757
761
765
767
770
772
Discovery and properties of the electron
Planck's quantum hypothesis
Photon theory of light and the
photoelectric effect
27-4 Photon interactions; Compton
effect and pair production
27-5 Wave-particle duality; the principle
of complementarity
27-6 Wave nature of matter
*27-7 Electron microscopes
27-8 Early models of the atom
27-9 Atomic spectra: key to the structure
of the atom
27-10 The Bohr model
27-11 de Broglie's hypothesis applied
to atoms
SUMMARY 8 5 2
PROBLEMS 8 5 4
QUESTIONS 8 5 3
GENERAL PROBLEMS
823
826
829
833
835
836
838
840
841
844
851
857
774
777
779
779
782
784
28
791
QUANTUM MECHANICS
OF ATOMS
28-1
28-2
792
793
796
799
801
803
808
810
811
812
813
816
817
821
Quantum mechanics—a new theory
The wave function and its
interpretation; the double-slit
experiment
28-3 The Heisenberg uncertainty
principle
28-4 Philosophic implications; probability
versus determinism
28-5 Quantum-mechanical view of atoms
28-6 Quantum mechanics of the hydrogen
atom; quantum numbers
28-7 Complex atoms; the exclusion principle
28-8 The periodic table of elements
28-9 X-ray spectra and atomic number
*28-10 Fluorescence and phosphorescence
*28-ll Lasers
*28-12 Holography
SUMMARY 8 8 3
PROBLEMS 8 8 4
QUESTIONS 8 8 4
GENERAL PROBLEMS
CONTENTS
859
860
861
863
867
868
869
872
874
875
878
878
882
886
ix
29
*29-l
*29-2
*29-3
*29-4
*29-5
*29-6
*29-7
*29-8
*29-9
MOLECULES A N D
SOLIDS
Bonding in molecules
Potential-energy diagrams for
molecules
Weak (van der Waals) bonds
Molecular spectra
Bonding in solids
Band theory of solids
Semiconductors and doping
Semiconductor diodes
Transistors and integrated circuits
SUMMARY 9 1 1 QUESTIONS 9 1 2
PROBLEMS 9 1 2 GENERAL PROBLEMS
887
887
890
892
895
901
902
905
907
909
914
31
31-1
31313131-5
*31-6
*31-7
*31-8
*31-9
30
30-1
30-2
30-3
30-4
30-5
30-6
30-7
30-8
30-9
30-10
30-11
*30-12
*30-13
NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND
RADIOACTIVITY
Structure and properties of the
nucleus
Binding energy and nuclear forces
Radioactivity
Alpha decay
Beta decay
Gamma decay
Conservation of nucleon number and
other conservation laws
Half-life and rate of decay
Calculations involving decay rates
and half-life
Decay series
Radioactive dating
Stability and tunneling
Detection of radiation
SUMMARY 939 QUESTIONS 939
PROBLEMS 940 GENERAL PROBLEMS
x
CONTENTS
32
928
928
930
932
934
936
937
! 42
Nuclear reactions and the
transmutaton of elements
Nuclear fission; nuclear reactors
Fusion
Passage of radiation through matter;
radiation damage
Measurement of radiation—
dosimetry
Radiation therapy
Tracers and imaging in research
and medicine
Emission topography
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
SUMMARY 9 6 8 QUESTIONS 9 6 9
PROBLEMS 9 7 0 GENERAL PROBLEMS
916
916
919
922
923
925
927
NUCLEAR ENERGY; EFFECTS
AND USES OF RADIATION
943
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
32-1
32-2
32-3
High-energy particles
Particle accelerators
Beginnings of elementary particle
physics—the Yukawa particle
32-4 Particles and antiparticles
32-5 Particle interactions and
conservation laws
32-6 Particle classification
32-7 Particle stability and resonances
32-8 Strange particles
32-9 Quarks
32-10 The "standard model": quantum
chromodynamics (QCD) and the
electroweak theory
32-11 Grand unified theories
SUMMARY 9 9 5
PROBLEMS 9 9 6
QUESTIONS 9 9 6
GENERAL PROBLEMS
943
947
953
958
959
963
963
965
972
972
973
974
975
979
983
983
984
986
987
988
991
993
998
APPENDIX A
MATHEMATICAL REVIEW
1036
A-l Relationships, proportionality, and
equations
1036
A-2 Exponents
1037
A-3 Powers of 10, or exponential notation 1038
A-4 Algebra
1039
A-5 The binomial expansion
1043
A-6 Plane geometry
1043
A-7 Areas and volumes
1044
A-8 Trigonometric functions and identities 1045
A-9 Logarithms
1046
APPENDIX В
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
1048
APPENDIX С
ROTATING FRAMES OF
REFERENCE; ENERTIAL FORCES;
CORIOLIS EFFECT
1051
33
ASTROPHYSICS AND
COSMOLOGY
33-1 Stars and galaxies
33-2 Stellar evolution: the birth and
death of stars
33-3 General relativity: gravity and the
curvature of space
33-4 The expanding universe
33-5 The big bang and the cosmic
microwave background
33-6 The standard cosmological model:
the early history of the universe
33-7 The future of the universe?
SUMMARY 1031 QUESTIONS 1032
PROBLEMS 1033 GENERAL PROBLEMS
APPENDIX D
999
GAUSS'S LAW
1055
1000
APPENDIX E
1005
GALILEAN AND LORENT2
TRANSFORMATIONS
1012
1017
APPENDIX F
SELECTED ISOTOPES
1064
1021
ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED
PROBLEMS
1068
1023
1027
INDEX
1081
1034
PHOTO CREDITS
1095
CONTENTS
1060
xi