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Wild waterfowl - domestic poultry - human Interfaces An Integrated Pilot Study in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi, China Xiangming Xiao University of Oklahoma Scott Newman & Tracy McCracken EMPRES Wildlife Unit Animal Health Service Food & Agriculture Organization Rome, Italy Ding Chanqing Beijing Forestry University Beijing, China Integrated study of wild waterfowl – domestic poultry – human interface Participating Institutions University of Oklahoma University of New Hampshire Xiangming Xiao, Delong Zhao Christina Czarnecki USGS John Takekawa, Diann Prosser FAO Scott Newman, Jan Slingenbergh Jiangxi Normal University Ying Liu, Peng Li, Yonglin Zhao Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve Weitao Ji Institute of Zoology, CAS Fumin Lei, Changqin Ding Institute of Virology, CAS Tianxian Li Poyang Lake, Jiangxi province, China 10 counties Poultry population in 2006 ducks 26 million geese 3 million chicken 21 million Wild birds ~ 1 million in winter Human population ~ 6 million Virology studies in Poyang Lake Mukhtar et al., 2007, Origin of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in China and genetic characterization of donor and recipient viruses, Journal of General Virology, 88:3094-3099 Genetic analysis of all eight genes of two Nanchang avian influenza viruses, /Duck/Nanchang/1681/92 (H3N8-1681) and A/Duck/Nanchang/1904/92 (H7N1-1904), isolated from Jiangxi province, China, in 1992, showed that six internal genes of H3N8-1681 virus and five internal (except NS gene) genes of H7N1-1904 virus were closely similar to A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus, the first highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of subtype H5N1 isolated inAsia. The neuraminidase (NA) gene of Gs/Gd/1/96 had the highest genetic similarity with A/Duck/Hokkaido/55/96 (H1N1-55) virus. The haemagglutinin (HA) gene of Gs/Gd/1/96 virus might have originated as a result of mutation of H5 HA gene from A/Swan/Hokkaido/51/96 (H5N3-51)-like viruses. The PA gene of H5N3-51 virus had the highest similarity with Gs/Gd/1/96. This study explains the origin of first Asian HPAI H5N1 virus in Guangdong by the re-assortment of Nanchang and Hokkaido (Japan) (H1N1-55 and H5N3-51) viruses. Genetic characteristics of donor and recipient viruses were also studied. A Pilot Project for Integrated Study -- Where, when and how do wild birds interface with poultry and human? Weather / Climate Paddy rice fields Migratory birds Natural wetlands Poultry Trade Fish ponds Free-ranging ducks / geese Human population Field research activities in Poyang Lake Wild birds ecology and migration Poultry production systems from farmer to county Avian influenza virus samplings in domestic poultry and wild birds Paddy rice agriculture, water body and wetlands Contact rates among wild birds – poultry – human --- Geospatial technology applications (remote sensing, GIS and GPS) Poultry production system Agricultural census data from village to county levels 收集了鄱阳湖区人 口、家禽养殖、耕 地面积、水稻播种 面积与产量及部分 社会经济指标数 据,并形成电子版 数据收集(Census data collection) Poultry production system Market chain of domestic ducks and chicken production 南昌小蓝禽蛋市场(Nanchang Xiaolan Poultry and Egg Market) Poultry production system Duck farm surveys Geo-locations of duck farms Sizes of duck farms Meat ducks or layer ducks Duck production calendar Free-grazing Poultry production system Free grazing of domestic ducks Free-grazing calendar Home range Habitat use Interaction with wild waterfowl Poultry production system Habitat use by free-grazing ducks Paddy rice agriculture Domestic ducks and paddy rice fields post-transplanting post-harvesting Paddy rice agriculture Field observations and sampling Cropping intensity Crop calendar (planting, harvesting dates) Crop biomass & production Paddy rice agriculture Cropping intensity Crop calendar (planting, harvesting dates) Crop biomass & production Mapping paddy rice and inundation from L-band PALSAR synthetic aperture radar, Landsat and MODIS images :Rice Hydro-periods :1 2 :3 LAI measurement Understanding the Role of Farmed Wild Birds in the Context of AI Ecology • Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Forestry Bureau, Jiangxi Normal University, Jiangxi Wildlife Conservation Association, Jiangxi Wildlife Conservation Institute, Wuhan Institute of Virology-CAS, Tsinghua Univeristy, University of New Hampshire, Oklahoma University, & Beijing Forestry University • The Approach includes: – free-ranging wildlife ecology – domestic poultry density, production system & market chain systemspreviously discussed – farmed wildife – density, production system & market chain – surveillance & virology – landscape ecology – risk modeling Understanding the Role of Farmed Wild Birds in the Context of AI Ecology • H5N1 HPAI in healthy wild ducks reported in surveillance in this area in 2006. (Chen, H et al. 2006. Establishment of multiple sublineages of H5N1 influenza virus in Asia: implications for pandemic control. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:2845-2850) • Further studies in the area show that migratory wild birds heavily utilize the cultivated rice patties surrounding the lakes, the same areas where domesticated flocks of ducks graze. Thus there is potential for a high amount of interface between both wild and domestic species of ducks and geese (Takekawa et al. 2010. Migration of Waterfowl in the East Asian Flyway and Spatial Relationship to HPAI H5N1 Outbreaks. Avian Diseases 54:466–476) Use of post-harvested paddy rice field by swan goose Satellite telemetry project 2006.11. 6 2006.11. 6 2006.11.16 2006.11.16 2006.12.24 2006.12.24 2006.11. 6 2006.11.16 2006.12.24 Poyang Wild Bird Farms - farms raising wild waterfowl species Farmed Wild Duck and Goose species recorded Two Species of Geese • Swan Geese • Greylag Geese Seven Species of Duck • Mallard • Spot-billed Duck • Northern Pintail • Eurasian Wigeon • Common Teal • Garganey • Ruddy Shelduck Swan Geese and Spot-billed Duck were the most common farmed species Wild Duck Farming Systems Free Range – Ducks released to graze in lake and fields during the day. Usually returning at night for supplemental grain feeding and shelter. This system was exclusively used by 56% of the farms surveyed. Caged – Ducks kept in an enclosure and not allowed to leave. Only one visited farm used this system. A Combination of both systems was utilized by 38% of farms surveyed Contact with domestic poultry 72% of farms reported domestic poultry being reared on the same premises; chickens (8) and pheasants (2). No mention of domestic ducks or chickens specifically but they were observed at almost all farms Wild Bird Contact • 57% of farmers reported seeing wild birds on their farms with only two farms reporting significant interaction between the wild birds and their flocks • Based on observation while conducting the survey sizeable flocks of wild ducks and geese were seen grazing in wetlands adjacent to the farms Most farms were vaccinating their domesticated wild birds against H5N1 avian influenza, but there was no standardized protocol. • • • • • • • The following is a list of the techniques used. every 2 weeks monthly every 3 months – 3 farms every 4 month every 6 month annually only before they leave for the market Vaccine type? Dosages? not known. Vaccination Strategies Marketing of wild ducks and geese 31% of farms have fixed customers inside and outside the province 69% of farms market outside the province, five farms sell exclusively outside the province Areas where birds are delivered to include: • Beijing • Shanghai • Fujian • Guangdong • Hunan • Jiangsu • Shandong • Shanxi • Zhejiang This means that some of these birds are traveling more than 1500km Disease Implications of the Farming of Wild Ducks and Geese • Farmed wild ducks/geese are utilizing the same wetlands as free ranging wild birds including migratory species which travel long distances • Farmed wild ducks/geese may be more prone to mixing with wild flocks of the same species – phenotypically identical • At the farms, farmed wild ducks are in close contact with domestic poultry, including ducks, a known virus reservoir for HPAI H5N1 • Indiscriminate vaccination of these domesticated wild birds can also contribute to some immune protection, and potential viral shedding and transmission • Live birds are marketed long distances away creating the possibility of spreading viruses to other provinces through a 2° route Other Important questions: • What is the full extent of this farming system? • Is this practice of farming wild ducks and geese practiced in other places in China and Asia? • Is the market for these birds stable, growing, etc? What are the drivers for the consumption of wild bird meat? Acknowlegements • • • • • • • • Beijing Forestry University Chen Lixia, Hu Chanshi, Li Dingnan and Zhang Xiao; FAO and ECTAD China Office Acty George, Sergei Khomenko, Guo Fusheng and Vincent Martin Jiangxi Forestry Bureau Tu Xiaobin, Zeng Weidong, Hung Wenjie and Hao Xin; Jiangxi Institute of Wildlife Conservation Huang Xiaofeng, Wang Zhiru, Liu Peng and Sun Zhiyong; Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS Zhu Na and Zhao Jiuru; Tsinghua Univeristy Xu Bing, Jiang Zhiben, Li Xiaolan, Wang Guirong, Zhang Tao and Zhu Xiaojia. Poyang Lake National Nature Reserved Director Wu and Wang Xiaolong Bosses and labors from the farms THANK YOU Dinner last night 140 million ducks sold since the restaurant was established