Download Wild waterfowl - domestic poultry - human Interfaces An Integrated

Wild waterfowl - domestic poultry - human Interfaces
An Integrated Pilot Study in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi, China
Xiangming Xiao
University of Oklahoma
Scott Newman & Tracy McCracken
EMPRES Wildlife Unit
Animal Health Service
Food & Agriculture Organization
Rome, Italy
Ding Chanqing
Beijing Forestry University
Beijing, China
Integrated study of wild waterfowl – domestic poultry –
human interface
Participating Institutions
University of Oklahoma
University of New Hampshire
Xiangming Xiao, Delong Zhao
Christina Czarnecki
USGS
John Takekawa, Diann Prosser
FAO
Scott Newman, Jan Slingenbergh
Jiangxi Normal University
Ying Liu, Peng Li, Yonglin Zhao
Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve Weitao Ji
Institute of Zoology, CAS
Fumin Lei, Changqin Ding
Institute of Virology, CAS
Tianxian Li
Poyang Lake, Jiangxi province, China
10 counties
Poultry population in 2006
ducks 26 million
geese 3 million
chicken 21 million
Wild birds
~ 1 million in winter
Human population
~ 6 million
Virology studies in Poyang Lake
Mukhtar et al., 2007, Origin of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza
virus in China and genetic characterization of donor and recipient
viruses, Journal of General Virology, 88:3094-3099
Genetic analysis of all eight genes of two Nanchang avian influenza viruses,
/Duck/Nanchang/1681/92 (H3N8-1681) and A/Duck/Nanchang/1904/92
(H7N1-1904), isolated from Jiangxi province, China, in 1992, showed that six
internal genes of H3N8-1681 virus and five internal (except NS gene) genes of
H7N1-1904 virus were closely similar to A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1)
virus, the first highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of subtype H5N1
isolated inAsia. The neuraminidase (NA) gene of Gs/Gd/1/96 had the highest
genetic similarity with A/Duck/Hokkaido/55/96 (H1N1-55) virus. The
haemagglutinin (HA) gene of Gs/Gd/1/96 virus might have originated as a result
of mutation of H5 HA gene from A/Swan/Hokkaido/51/96 (H5N3-51)-like
viruses. The PA gene of H5N3-51 virus had the highest similarity with
Gs/Gd/1/96. This study explains the origin of first Asian HPAI H5N1 virus
in Guangdong by the re-assortment of Nanchang and Hokkaido (Japan)
(H1N1-55 and H5N3-51) viruses. Genetic characteristics of donor and recipient
viruses were also studied.
A Pilot Project for Integrated Study
-- Where, when and how do wild birds interface with poultry and human?
Weather / Climate
Paddy rice
fields
Migratory
birds
Natural
wetlands
Poultry
Trade
Fish
ponds
Free-ranging
ducks / geese
Human
population
Field research activities in Poyang Lake
 Wild
birds ecology and migration
 Poultry production systems from farmer to county
 Avian influenza virus samplings in domestic poultry
and wild birds
 Paddy rice agriculture, water body and wetlands
 Contact rates among wild birds – poultry – human
--- Geospatial technology applications (remote
sensing, GIS and GPS)
Poultry production system
Agricultural census data from village to county levels
收集了鄱阳湖区人
口、家禽养殖、耕
地面积、水稻播种
面积与产量及部分
社会经济指标数
据，并形成电子版
数据收集（Census data collection)
Poultry production system
Market chain of domestic ducks and
chicken production
南昌小蓝禽蛋市场(Nanchang Xiaolan Poultry and Egg Market)
Poultry production system
Duck farm surveys
Geo-locations of duck farms
Sizes of duck farms
Meat ducks or layer ducks
Duck production calendar
Free-grazing
Poultry production system
Free grazing of domestic ducks
Free-grazing calendar
Home range
Habitat use
Interaction with wild waterfowl
Poultry production system
Habitat use by free-grazing ducks
Paddy rice agriculture
Domestic ducks and paddy rice fields
post-transplanting
post-harvesting
Paddy rice agriculture
Field observations and sampling
Cropping intensity
Crop calendar (planting, harvesting dates)
Crop biomass & production
Paddy rice agriculture
Cropping intensity
Crop calendar (planting, harvesting dates)
Crop biomass & production
Mapping paddy rice and inundation from L-band PALSAR synthetic aperture radar,
Landsat and MODIS images
:Rice
Hydro-periods
:1
2
:3
LAI measurement
Understanding the Role of Farmed Wild Birds
in the Context of AI Ecology
• Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Forestry Bureau, Jiangxi
Normal University, Jiangxi Wildlife Conservation Association, Jiangxi
Wildlife Conservation Institute, Wuhan Institute of Virology-CAS,
Tsinghua Univeristy, University of New Hampshire, Oklahoma
University, & Beijing Forestry University
• The Approach includes:
– free-ranging wildlife ecology
– domestic poultry density, production system & market chain systemspreviously discussed
– farmed wildife – density, production system & market chain
– surveillance & virology
– landscape ecology
– risk modeling
Understanding the Role of Farmed Wild Birds
in the Context of AI Ecology
• H5N1 HPAI in healthy wild ducks reported in surveillance in this area
in 2006. (Chen, H et al. 2006. Establishment of multiple sublineages of H5N1 influenza virus in Asia:
implications for pandemic control. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:2845-2850)
• Further studies in the area show that migratory wild birds heavily
utilize the cultivated rice patties surrounding the lakes, the same
areas where domesticated flocks of ducks graze. Thus there is
potential for a high amount of interface between both wild and
domestic species of ducks and geese (Takekawa et al. 2010. Migration of Waterfowl in
the East Asian Flyway and Spatial Relationship to HPAI H5N1 Outbreaks. Avian Diseases 54:466–476)
Use of post-harvested paddy rice
field by swan goose
Satellite telemetry project
2006.11. 6
2006.11. 6
2006.11.16
2006.11.16
2006.12.24
2006.12.24
2006.11. 6
2006.11.16
2006.12.24
Poyang Wild
Bird Farms
- farms raising
wild waterfowl
species
Farmed Wild Duck and Goose species recorded
Two Species of Geese
• Swan Geese
• Greylag Geese
Seven Species of Duck
• Mallard
• Spot-billed Duck
• Northern Pintail
• Eurasian Wigeon
• Common Teal
• Garganey
• Ruddy Shelduck
Swan Geese and Spot-billed Duck were the most common farmed species
Wild Duck Farming Systems
Free Range – Ducks released to
graze in lake and fields during
the day. Usually returning at
night for supplemental grain
feeding and shelter. This system
was exclusively used by 56% of
the farms surveyed.
Caged – Ducks kept in an
enclosure and not allowed to
leave. Only one visited farm
used this system.
A Combination of both systems
was utilized by 38% of farms
surveyed
Contact with domestic poultry
72% of farms reported domestic poultry being
reared on the same premises; chickens (8) and
pheasants (2).
No mention of domestic ducks or chickens specifically but they
were observed at almost all farms
Wild Bird Contact
• 57% of farmers reported
seeing wild birds on their
farms with only two farms
reporting significant
interaction between the
wild birds and their flocks
• Based on observation
while conducting the survey
sizeable flocks of wild
ducks and geese were
seen grazing in wetlands
adjacent to the farms
Most farms were vaccinating their
domesticated wild birds against
H5N1 avian influenza, but there
was no standardized protocol.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The following is a list of the
techniques used.
every 2 weeks
monthly
every 3 months – 3 farms
every 4 month
every 6 month
annually
only before they leave for
the market
Vaccine type? Dosages? not known.
Vaccination
Strategies
Marketing of wild ducks and geese
31% of farms have fixed customers inside and outside the province
69% of farms market outside the province, five farms sell exclusively
outside the province
Areas where birds are delivered to include:
• Beijing
• Shanghai
• Fujian
• Guangdong
• Hunan
• Jiangsu
• Shandong
• Shanxi
• Zhejiang
This means that some of these birds are traveling more than 1500km
Disease Implications of the
Farming of Wild Ducks and Geese
• Farmed wild ducks/geese are utilizing the same wetlands as free ranging
wild birds including migratory species which travel long distances
• Farmed wild ducks/geese may be more prone to mixing with wild flocks of
the same species – phenotypically identical
• At the farms, farmed wild ducks are in close contact with domestic poultry,
including ducks, a known virus reservoir for HPAI H5N1
• Indiscriminate vaccination of these domesticated wild birds can also
contribute to some immune protection, and potential viral shedding and
transmission
• Live birds are marketed long distances away creating the possibility of
spreading viruses to other provinces through a 2° route
Other Important questions:
• What is the full extent of this farming system?
• Is this practice of farming wild ducks and geese practiced in other places in
China and Asia?
• Is the market for these birds stable, growing, etc? What are the drivers for
the consumption of wild bird meat?
Acknowlegements
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Beijing Forestry University
Chen Lixia, Hu Chanshi, Li Dingnan and Zhang Xiao;
FAO and ECTAD China Office
Acty George, Sergei Khomenko, Guo Fusheng and Vincent Martin
Jiangxi Forestry Bureau
Tu Xiaobin, Zeng Weidong, Hung Wenjie and Hao Xin;
Jiangxi Institute of Wildlife Conservation
Huang Xiaofeng, Wang Zhiru, Liu Peng and Sun Zhiyong;
Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS
Zhu Na and Zhao Jiuru;
Tsinghua Univeristy
Xu Bing, Jiang Zhiben, Li Xiaolan, Wang Guirong, Zhang Tao and Zhu
Xiaojia.
Poyang Lake National Nature Reserved
Director Wu and Wang Xiaolong
Bosses and labors from the farms
THANK YOU
Dinner last night
140 million ducks sold
since the restaurant was
established