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STUDY GUIDE: OBJECTIVES Chapters 17 and 18: Air Pollution and Global Climate Change You will be quizzed on information provided on this handout. THIS IS NOT A HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT!! VOCABULARY: see next page A Word Wall must be made from one of these words (vocabulary list) for this Chapter's Quiz. Due on the date of the quiz. OBJECTIVES: 1. 2. 3. 4. Be familiar with material from all previous chapters. How are primary and secondary pollutants different? Give an example of each. What role is played by sunlight in the formation of photochemical smog? What is the difference between natural sources of pollution and anthropogenic sources. Give an example of each. 5. Briefly explain why industrial smog has decreased in most developed countries. 6. Explain why temperature inversions occur frequently in Los Angeles. 7. Why is the city of Donora (Pa), infamous in the history of air pollution? 8. Describe the relationship that exists between the location of coal-buring power plants and the pH of precipitation in a given area. 9. At what level does the pH of soil and water become detrimental to the health of life forms. 10. What are some of the important indoor and outdoor pollutants. 11. What are some of the successes and failures of the various Clean Air Acts that have been passed in the United States? LEGISLATION 1963 CLEAN AIR ACT: set emission standards for cars and limits for the release of air pollutants. 1987 MONTREAL PROTOCOL: banned the production of aerosols and initiated the phase out of all CFC's. KYOTO PROTOCOL: agreement among 150 nations requiring greenhouse gas emission reduction CHEMISTRY: You will have a Chemistry Quiz- you MUST know the following: ______________________________________Quiz 1 Starts here ______________________________________ Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have increased by 30% since the 1800’s (Industrial Revolution). This increase can be explained, primarily, by several human activities. The most significant of these activities is the burning of fossil fuels. Air Pollution Formulas: 4FeS2 + 11O2 -- 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 Impurities such as pyrite or iron pyrite are found in coal, when we burn coal it interacts with atmospheric oxygen to form iron oxide and sulfur dioxide (a primary air pollutant). 2SO2 + O2 ---- 2SO3 The primary air pollutant, sulfur dioxide, is oxidized, once in the atmosphere, to sulfur trioxide. SO3 +H2O --- H2SO4 Sulfur trioxide dissolves it atmospheric water droplets to form sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is a major component of acid rain. Sulfuric acid is considered a secondary air pollutant. SOX The generalized representation of sulfur oxides, whether it be sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide. The Sulfur oxides are considered primary air pollutants. N2 + O2 --- 2NO Molecules of nitrogen and atmospheric oxygen combine AT VERY HIGH TEMPERATURES to form nitric oxide, a colorless gas. The high temperatures of natural processes like lightening or those of the combustion chambers of an engine are effective in causing this conversion. Nitric oxide is a primary air pollutant. 2NO + O2 --- 2NO2 Once in the atmosphere, nitric acid reacts with additional oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide, a red-brown toxic gas that causes irritation to the eyes and respiratory system NO2 + H2O ----- HNO3 Further reaction of nitrogen dioxide with water can produce nitric acid, another component of acid rain Photochemical Smog N2 + O2 + Energy ---- 2NO Nitrogen oxide is an essential ingredient of photochemical smog that is produced during the high temperatures associated with combustion of vehicle’s engines. sunlight NO2 ----------NO + O Initial reaction of nitrogen dioxide with sunlight O+ O2 ----- O3 The oxygen atom generated from the initial reaction reacts with atmospheric, diatomic oxygen, to form ozone. This is not the good, protective ozone of the stratosphere, this is the polluting ozone of the lithosphere, which traps heat and contributes to thermal inversion. Hydrocarbons + Sunlight + O2 + CO + NOX + Organic Compounds + CO2 + H2O (Auto exhaust/VOC’s) (oxidizing agents and irritants) This simplified equation represents the key ingredients and products of photochemical smog. Hydrocarbons (including VOC’s), carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides from vehicle exhausts are irradiated by sunlight in the presence of oxygen gas. The resulting reactions produce a potentially dangerous mixture that include other nitrogen oxides, ozone, and irritating organic compounds, as well as carbon dioxide and water vapor. ------------------------------------Quiz 2 Starts here------------------------------------------------------Acid Rain CO2 + H2O -- H2CO3 The pH of rainwater is normally slightly acidic, at about 5.6, due mainly to reaction of carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid. SO2 + H2O ----- H2SO4 SO3 + H2O ---- H2SO4 2NO2 + H2O---- HNO3 + HNO2 Other natural events can contribute to the acidity of precipitation. Volcanic eruptions, forest fires, and lightning produce sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. These gases can react with atmospheric water in much the same way that carbon dioxide does to produce sulfurous acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and nitrous acid. Ozone Formation and Destruction O2 + high energy UV photon -- O + O O2 + O + M ---- O3 + M As sunlight penetrates into the stratosphere, high-energy UV photons react with oxygen gas molecules, splitting them into individual oxygen atoms. These highly reactive oxygen atoms are examples of free radicals; they quickly enter into chemical reactions that allow them to attain stable arrangements of electrons. In the stratosphere free radicals can combine with oxygen molecules to form ozone. A third molecule, typically nitrogen gas or atmospheric oxygen (represented by M in the equation), carries away excess energy from the reaction but remains unchanged. O3 + medium-energy UV Photon---- O2 + O O2 + O + M ---- O3 + M Each ozone molecule formed in the stratosphere can absorb a UV photon with a wavelength of less than 320nm. This energy absorption prevents potentially harmful UV rays from reaching the earth’s surface. The energy also causes the ozone to decomposed, producing an oxygen molecule and an oxygen free radical. These products can then carry on the cycle by replacing ozone in the protective stratospheric layer. Cl + O3 -----ClO + O2 ClO + O --- Cl + O2 CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons) are highly stable molecules in the troposphere, however, highenergy UV photons in the stratosphere split chlorine radicals from CFC’s by breaking their C-Cl bond. The freed chlorine radicals are very reactive and can participate in a series of reaction that destroy ozone by converting it to diatomic oxygen. Every chlorine radical that participates in the first reaction can later be regenerated. Thus each chlorine radical acts as a catalyst participating in not just one, but also an average of 100,000 ozone –destroying reactions. In doing so, it speeds up ozone destruction but remains unchanged. CHAPTER 17 & 18: Air Pollution and Global Climate Change Vocabulary: You will have a vocabulary quiz on these terms. You may be required to provided examples for some terms. ALL quizzes and tests are comprehensive (cover material from throughout the year). 1- primary pollutants 2- secondary pollutants 3- photochemical smog 4- industrial smog 5- temperature inversion 6- acid deposition 7- sick-building syndrome 8- asbestos 9- emissions trading policy 10- cyclone separator 11- troposphere 12- stratosphere 13- VOC’s Chapter 18 14- greenhouse effect 15- global warming 16- albedo 17- methane hydrates NOTES APES: Chapter 17 Air Pollution 17-1 The Atmosphere What percentage of the atmosphere is located in the troposphere? Although relatively thin it is sometimes referred to as the______________ __________. Why is the stratosphere important? There is now a large body of evidence suggesting __________ ____________ is responsible for an _____________ in unwanted ozone in the troposphere and its _______________in the stratosphere. 17-2 Outdoor Air Pollution Define air pollution: Give two examples of air pollution that result from natural sources: 12What does it mean to say some pollutants come from anthropogenic sources? Define Primary Pollutants: Define secondary pollutants: Although most air pollution is formed in urban areas, wind can spread long-lived pollutants into rural areas. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates more than ________ billion people live in urban areas where the air is unhealthy to breathe. Why has air pollution in many developed countries dropped? Mini HW #1: Review Questions page 444: #2, 4, 6. 17-3 Photochemical and Industrial Smog What is a photochemical reaction? So what is Photochemical smog? Why is it important to realize that several of the chemicals in photochemical smog are oxidants? List two common things that can increase levels of photochemical smog. 12What is the main source of industrial smog? What are the major components of industrial smog? 1234- Industrial smog is not much of a problem today in most industrial societies because of pollution control. What country has the world’s worst air pollution? Name two things that tend to reduce levels of air pollution? 12Name three conditions that tend to increase air pollution. 123Air near the ground is usually heated faster and rises above cooler, dense air. What are temperature inversions? What is it about the geographic location of Los Angeles that contributes to the high number of temperature inversions that occur there? 17-4 Acid Deposition Why do power plants and smelters in developed countries use smokestacks to emit pollutants above inversion layers? What problem is associated with their use? These pollutants frequently form _______________ pollutants and are deposited ____________ of miles away from their source as acid rain. How does acid rain compare to natural precipitation in terms of pH? Why is acid rain frequently an area of political conflict? Name several harmful effects of Acid deposition: 123- At what pH level do fish begin be harmed? At what soil pH do plants begin to suffer? Is it true that most of the world’s lakes and forests are being destroyed by acid rain? Explain. List four ways to reduce acid deposition: 1234MINI HW #2: Review Questions page 444: 10, 12, 17-5 Indoor Air Pollution How do levels of indoor pollution compare to outdoor levels? What fact tends to magnify the effects of indoor pollutants? What are the three most dangerous indoor pollutants 1. 2. 3. Where is Radon gas found? What damage does it cause to humans? What is Asbestos commonly used for? Why is it dangerous? Where does it continue to be used? 17-6 Air Pollution on Living Organisms Years of exposure to air pollutants can severely weaken the body’s natural defenses causing: 1. 2. (allergic reaction that leads to shortness of breath) 3. (inflammation of the bronchi) 4. (damage to the air spaces of the lung) Why is risk analysis is difficult to do on respiratory problems caused by air pollutants? What are the social, health, and economic effects of air pollution? What are directs effects or air pollution? Give an example. What are indirectly effects? Provide examples. Plants at high altitudes (typically conifers) suffer the most harm. Many crops are damaged by ozone reducing food production in the United States by 5-10%. 17-7 Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution Several Clean Air Acts have been passed that establish air pollution regulations enforced by both each state. National Air Ambient Air Quality (NAAQS) standards have been established by the FDA. What are primary standard? Secondary standards? As a result the level of many air pollutants has dropped substantially while detrimental health effects have dropped. Unfortunately ________ and _________ __________pollution continue to rise and approximately 142 million Americans still live in areas that have not met the primary standards set by the FDA. Many environmentalists believe the following steps should be taken to reduce the impact of air pollution: 1. 2. 3. 4. Market-place controls (__________ ___________ _____________) have been enacted that have worked to reduce SO2 emissions and may soon be enacted for other pollutants. Why should reducing poverty in developing countries be part of any plan to reduce air pollution? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbU-cDLQ0Yw Explanation of Cap and Trade MINI HW #3: Review Questions page 444 #’s 14, 16, 21. Global Climate Change Lecture: (you will be held responsible for the information in this power-point on future quizzes and tests) CQ#1: Based on your current knowledge, which statement is closest to your thoughts about the consequences for humans of global climate change? _____________________________________________________________________________ • Melting glaciers, which supply ______________&_______________ water for hundreds of millions of people around the world, will be ___________. • In addition, melting glaciers lead to ___________ sea levels and regional precipitation _______________. What is going on with Greenland? • From 1993-2003, the estimated rate of sea level rise from both causes has been about ________. • Oceans are predicted to rise about ____________________ in the next 50 years. • Coastal erosion rates are about _______________ the rate of sea level rise, which means that every centimeter of sea level rise results in _______________ of beach erosion. • Ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica together __________ of the world's fresh water— enough to potentially raise the sea level approximately ___________. But changes this large are thought to be extremely ____________ in the next century. How is melting sea ice a positive feedback loop? How is melting permafrost a positive feedback loop? What are the effects of global climate change on agriculture? _____________ (illness), _____________ (death), and _______________ (migration of population) could increase. For example: Which parts of the world have not been affected much by climate change so far? How and why might this change? Responding to Climate change: Mitigation: 1. 2. 3. Adaptation APES: Reading Guide Chapter 17 Name:_________________________________ Due Date: ___________ Directions: complete each of the following questions by the due date. Your answer must be hand written. You will be held responsible for them in class on the due date and on future tests and quizzes. Any questions left unanswered may also cost you extra credit points. READ THE ENTIRE CHAPTER!!!! Use your textbook as a reference to answer each of the following questions. Page 428-431 1. What is the difference between wet deposition and dry deposition (acid rain)? 2. How does buffering lessen the effects of acid rain? 3. In what areas are the soils most sensitive to the effects of acid rain (name two)? 4. Why is acid deposition particularly bad in Asia (especially China)? 5. Briefly describe four effects of acid rain on plants and soil chemistry. a. b. c. d. Figure 17-10 (page 428) 1. What is the source of nitric oxide? Sulfur Dioxide and NO? 2. What two acids do these compounds (mentioned above) form in the atmosphere? 3. Why are some soils and lakes protected from the effects of acid rain? Figure 17-15 4. Name one example of a direct effects of emissions on plants shown in the diagram. 5- Provide two examples of indirect effects of emissions on plants shown in the diagram. 6. Soil acidification causes leaching of soil nutrients. What does this mean? Figure 17-21 7. How does the number of premature deaths due to air pollution differ between developing and developed countries? Chapter 18 Figure 18-2 8. Briefly describe the pattern of temperature change that has occurred on the Earth over the past 900,000 years. 9. What has happened to the average temperature over the past 130 years? 10. List four methods used to measure past temperature changes that are quantifiable. Table 18-1 11. How many times greater is the warming potential of the following compared to CO2? a. Methane CH4: b. Nitrous Oxide N2O: c. CFC’s 12. What three countries make the greatest contributions to CO 2 emissions? How does this list change when per capita emissions are used? 13. Calculate the percent change (projected) in the emissions of each of the following three greenhouse gases between 1990 and 2100 (Figure 18-7) SHOW ALL WORK: a. Carbon dioxide b. methane c. nitrous oxide 14. Figure 18-11: How well have model predictions concerning global temperature matched actual observations since 1860? 15. Define or identify each of the following: a. greenhouse effect: b. greenhouse gas: c. chlorofluorocarbons: d. carbon dioxide: e. methane: f. albedo: g. Kyoto Treaty: h. Montreal Protocol: i. ozone thinning: j. aerosols: k. carbon taxes: l. energy taxes: 16. What is the natural greenhouse effect and why is it important to all life on earth? 17. Describe Global Warming and its connection with the industrial revolution and the use of fossil fuels. 18. List 5 greenhouse gases and their anthropogenic sources. 19. Explain how deforestation and the carbon cycle affect global climate change. 20. What is the scientific consensus of the IPCC about future climate change and its effects? 21. Explain how a positive ice Albedo feedback system could accelerate global warming. 22. Explain the effect oceans have on the climate. 23. What is the Kyoto Treaty and why did the U.S. Congress not ratify it? Do you agree or disagree, why? 24. Why is ozone, a pollutant in the troposphere, necessary in the stratosphere? 25. What are CFCs and how do they cause ozone depletion in the stratosphere? 26. Explain why the ozone becomes thinner over the poles in the summer months compared to the winter months. 27. List and describe health problems attributed to thinning ozone. 28. What are the Montreal and Copenhagen Protocols and how well have they worked?