Download APES: Chapter 17 Air Pollution

STUDY GUIDE: OBJECTIVES
Chapters 17 and 18: Air Pollution and Global Climate Change
You will be quizzed on information provided on this handout. THIS IS NOT A HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT!!
VOCABULARY: see next page
A Word Wall must be made from one of these words (vocabulary list) for this Chapter's Quiz. Due on
the date of the quiz.
OBJECTIVES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Be familiar with material from all previous chapters.
How are primary and secondary pollutants different? Give an example of each.
What role is played by sunlight in the formation of photochemical smog?
What is the difference between natural sources of pollution and anthropogenic sources. Give an
example of each.
5. Briefly explain why industrial smog has decreased in most developed countries.
6. Explain why temperature inversions occur frequently in Los Angeles.
7. Why is the city of Donora (Pa), infamous in the history of air pollution?
8. Describe the relationship that exists between the location of coal-buring power plants and the pH
of precipitation in a given area.
9. At what level does the pH of soil and water become detrimental to the health of life forms.
10. What are some of the important indoor and outdoor pollutants.
11. What are some of the successes and failures of the various Clean Air Acts that have been
passed in the United States?
LEGISLATION
1963 CLEAN AIR ACT: set emission standards for cars and limits for the release of air
pollutants.
1987 MONTREAL PROTOCOL: banned the production of aerosols and initiated the phase out
of all CFC's.
KYOTO PROTOCOL: agreement among 150 nations requiring greenhouse gas emission
reduction
CHEMISTRY: You will have a Chemistry Quiz- you MUST know the following:
______________________________________Quiz 1 Starts here ______________________________________
Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have increased by 30% since the 1800’s (Industrial
Revolution). This increase can be explained, primarily, by several human activities. The
most significant of these activities is the burning of fossil fuels.
Air Pollution Formulas:
4FeS2 + 11O2 -- 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
Impurities such as pyrite or iron pyrite are found in coal, when we burn coal it interacts
with atmospheric oxygen to form iron oxide and sulfur dioxide (a primary air pollutant).
2SO2 + O2 ---- 2SO3
The primary air pollutant, sulfur dioxide, is oxidized, once in the atmosphere, to sulfur
trioxide.
SO3 +H2O --- H2SO4
Sulfur trioxide dissolves it atmospheric water droplets to form sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is
a major component of acid rain. Sulfuric acid is considered a secondary air pollutant.
SOX
The generalized representation of sulfur oxides, whether it be sulfur dioxide or sulfur
trioxide. The Sulfur oxides are considered primary air pollutants.
N2 + O2 --- 2NO
Molecules of nitrogen and atmospheric oxygen combine AT VERY HIGH TEMPERATURES
to form nitric oxide, a colorless gas. The high temperatures of natural processes like lightening
or those of the combustion chambers of an engine are effective in causing this conversion. Nitric
oxide is a primary air pollutant.
2NO + O2 --- 2NO2
Once in the atmosphere, nitric acid reacts with additional oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide, a
red-brown toxic gas that causes irritation to the eyes and respiratory system
NO2 + H2O ----- HNO3
Further reaction of nitrogen dioxide with water can produce nitric acid, another component
of acid rain
Photochemical Smog
N2 + O2 + Energy ---- 2NO
Nitrogen oxide is an essential ingredient of photochemical smog that is produced during the
high temperatures associated with combustion of vehicle’s engines.
sunlight
NO2 ----------NO + O
Initial reaction of nitrogen dioxide with sunlight
O+ O2 ----- O3
The oxygen atom generated from the initial reaction reacts with atmospheric, diatomic
oxygen, to form ozone. This is not the good, protective ozone of the stratosphere, this is the
polluting ozone of the lithosphere, which traps heat and contributes to thermal inversion.
Hydrocarbons +
Sunlight + O2 + CO + NOX + Organic Compounds + CO2 + H2O
(Auto exhaust/VOC’s)
(oxidizing agents and irritants)
This simplified equation represents the key ingredients and products of photochemical smog.
Hydrocarbons (including VOC’s), carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides from vehicle exhausts
are irradiated by sunlight in the presence of oxygen gas. The resulting reactions produce a
potentially dangerous mixture that include other nitrogen oxides, ozone, and irritating organic
compounds, as well as carbon dioxide and water vapor.
------------------------------------Quiz 2 Starts here------------------------------------------------------Acid Rain
CO2 + H2O -- H2CO3
The pH of rainwater is normally slightly acidic, at about 5.6, due mainly to reaction of
carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid.
SO2 + H2O ----- H2SO4
SO3 + H2O ---- H2SO4
2NO2 + H2O---- HNO3 +
HNO2
Other natural events can contribute to the acidity of precipitation. Volcanic eruptions, forest
fires, and lightning produce sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. These gases
can react with atmospheric water in much the same way that carbon dioxide does to produce
sulfurous acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and nitrous acid.
Ozone Formation and Destruction
O2 + high energy UV photon -- O + O
O2 + O + M ---- O3 + M
As sunlight penetrates into the stratosphere, high-energy UV photons react with oxygen gas
molecules, splitting them into individual oxygen atoms. These highly reactive oxygen atoms are
examples of free radicals; they quickly enter into chemical reactions that allow them to attain
stable arrangements of electrons. In the stratosphere free radicals can combine with oxygen
molecules to form ozone. A third molecule, typically nitrogen gas or atmospheric oxygen
(represented by M in the equation), carries away excess energy from the reaction but remains
unchanged.
O3 + medium-energy UV Photon---- O2 + O
O2 + O + M ---- O3 + M
Each ozone molecule formed in the stratosphere can absorb a UV photon with a wavelength of
less than 320nm. This energy absorption prevents potentially harmful UV rays from reaching
the earth’s surface. The energy also causes the ozone to decomposed, producing an oxygen
molecule and an oxygen free radical. These products can then carry on the cycle by replacing
ozone in the protective stratospheric layer.
Cl + O3 -----ClO + O2
ClO + O --- Cl + O2
CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons) are highly stable molecules in the troposphere, however, highenergy UV photons in the stratosphere split chlorine radicals from CFC’s by breaking their C-Cl
bond. The freed chlorine radicals are very reactive and can participate in a series of reaction
that destroy ozone by converting it to diatomic oxygen. Every chlorine radical that participates
in the first reaction can later be regenerated. Thus each chlorine radical acts as a catalyst
participating in not just one, but also an average of 100,000 ozone –destroying reactions.
In doing so, it speeds up ozone destruction but remains unchanged.
CHAPTER 17 & 18: Air Pollution and Global Climate Change
Vocabulary: You will have a vocabulary quiz on these terms. You may be required to provided
examples for some terms. ALL quizzes and tests are comprehensive (cover material from
throughout the year).
1- primary pollutants
2- secondary pollutants
3- photochemical smog
4- industrial smog
5- temperature inversion
6- acid deposition
7- sick-building syndrome
8- asbestos
9- emissions trading policy
10- cyclone separator
11- troposphere
12- stratosphere
13- VOC’s
Chapter 18
14- greenhouse effect
15- global warming
16- albedo
17- methane hydrates
NOTES
APES: Chapter 17 Air Pollution
17-1 The Atmosphere
What percentage of the atmosphere is located in the troposphere?
Although relatively thin it is sometimes referred to as the______________ __________.
Why is the stratosphere important?
There is now a large body of evidence suggesting __________ ____________ is responsible for an
_____________ in unwanted ozone in the troposphere and its _______________in the stratosphere.
17-2 Outdoor Air Pollution
Define air pollution:
Give two examples of air pollution that result from natural sources:
12What does it mean to say some pollutants come from anthropogenic sources?
Define Primary Pollutants:
Define secondary pollutants:
Although most air pollution is formed in urban areas, wind can spread long-lived pollutants into rural
areas.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates more than ________ billion people live in urban areas where the
air is unhealthy to breathe.
Why has air pollution in many developed countries dropped?
Mini HW #1: Review Questions page 444: #2, 4, 6.
17-3 Photochemical and Industrial Smog
What is a photochemical reaction?
So what is Photochemical smog?
Why is it important to realize that several of the chemicals in photochemical smog are oxidants?
List two common things that can increase levels of photochemical smog.
12What is the main source of industrial smog?
What are the major components of industrial smog?
1234-
Industrial smog is not much of a problem today in most industrial societies because of pollution control.
What country has the world’s worst air pollution?
Name two things that tend to reduce levels of air pollution?
12Name three conditions that tend to increase air pollution.
123Air near the ground is usually heated faster and rises above cooler, dense air.
What are temperature inversions?
What is it about the geographic location of Los Angeles that contributes to the high number of temperature
inversions that occur there?
17-4 Acid Deposition
Why do power plants and smelters in developed countries use smokestacks to emit pollutants above
inversion layers?
What problem is associated with their use?
These pollutants frequently form _______________ pollutants and are deposited ____________ of miles away from
their source as acid rain.
How does acid rain compare to natural precipitation in terms of pH?
Why is acid rain frequently an area of political conflict?
Name several harmful effects of Acid deposition:
123-
At what pH level do fish begin be harmed?
At what soil pH do plants begin to suffer?
Is it true that most of the world’s lakes and forests are being destroyed by acid rain? Explain.
List four ways to reduce acid deposition:
1234MINI HW #2: Review Questions page 444: 10, 12,
17-5 Indoor Air Pollution
How do levels of indoor pollution compare to outdoor levels?
What fact tends to magnify the effects of indoor pollutants?
What are the three most dangerous indoor pollutants
1.
2.
3.
Where is Radon gas found?
What damage does it cause to humans?
What is Asbestos commonly used for?
Why is it dangerous?
Where does it continue to be used?
17-6 Air Pollution on Living Organisms
Years of exposure to air pollutants can severely weaken the body’s natural defenses causing:
1.
2.
(allergic reaction that leads to shortness of breath)
3.
(inflammation of the bronchi)
4.
(damage to the air spaces of the lung)
Why is risk analysis is difficult to do on respiratory problems caused by air pollutants?
What are the social, health, and economic effects of air pollution?
What are directs effects or air pollution? Give an example.
What are indirectly effects? Provide examples.
Plants at high altitudes (typically conifers) suffer the most harm. Many crops are damaged by ozone reducing
food production in the United States by 5-10%.
17-7 Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution
Several Clean Air Acts have been passed that establish air pollution regulations enforced by both each
state.
National Air Ambient Air Quality (NAAQS) standards have been established by the FDA.
What are primary standard?
Secondary standards?
As a result the level of many air pollutants has dropped substantially while detrimental health effects
have dropped. Unfortunately ________ and _________ __________pollution continue to rise and
approximately 142 million Americans still live in areas that have not met the primary standards set by
the FDA.
Many environmentalists believe the following steps should be taken to reduce the impact of air
pollution:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Market-place controls (__________ ___________ _____________) have been enacted that have worked to
reduce SO2 emissions and may soon be enacted for other pollutants.
Why should reducing poverty in developing countries be part of any plan to reduce air pollution?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbU-cDLQ0Yw
Explanation of Cap and Trade
MINI HW #3: Review Questions page 444 #’s 14, 16, 21.
Global Climate Change Lecture:
(you will be held responsible for the information in this power-point on future quizzes and tests)
CQ#1: Based on your current knowledge, which statement is closest to your thoughts about
the consequences for humans of global climate change?
_____________________________________________________________________________
•
Melting glaciers, which supply ______________&_______________ water for hundreds
of millions of people around the world, will be ___________.
•
In addition, melting glaciers lead to ___________ sea levels and regional precipitation
_______________.
What is going on with Greenland?
•
From 1993-2003, the estimated rate of sea level rise from both causes has been about
________.
•
Oceans are predicted to rise about ____________________ in the next 50 years.
•
Coastal erosion rates are about _______________ the rate of sea level rise, which means
that every centimeter of sea level rise results in _______________ of beach erosion.
•
Ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica together __________ of the world's fresh water—
enough to potentially raise the sea level approximately ___________. But changes this
large are thought to be extremely ____________ in the next century.
How is melting sea ice a positive feedback loop?
How is melting permafrost a positive feedback loop?
What are the effects of global climate change on agriculture?
_____________ (illness), _____________ (death), and _______________ (migration of
population) could increase. For example:
Which parts of the world have not been affected much by climate change so far?
How and why might this change?
Responding to Climate change:
Mitigation: 1.
2.
3.
Adaptation
APES: Reading Guide
Chapter 17
Name:_________________________________
Due Date: ___________
Directions: complete each of the following questions by the due date. Your answer must be hand
written. You will be held responsible for them in class on the due date and on future tests and
quizzes. Any questions left unanswered may also cost you extra credit points.
READ THE ENTIRE CHAPTER!!!!
Use your textbook as a reference to answer each of the following questions.
Page 428-431
1. What is the difference between wet deposition and dry deposition (acid rain)?
2. How does buffering lessen the effects of acid rain?
3. In what areas are the soils most sensitive to the effects of acid rain (name two)?
4. Why is acid deposition particularly bad in Asia (especially China)?
5. Briefly describe four effects of acid rain on plants and soil chemistry.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Figure 17-10 (page 428)
1. What is the source of nitric oxide?
Sulfur Dioxide and NO?
2. What two acids do these compounds (mentioned above) form in the atmosphere?
3. Why are some soils and lakes protected from the effects of acid rain?
Figure 17-15
4. Name one example of a direct effects of emissions on plants shown in the diagram.
5- Provide two examples of indirect effects of emissions on plants shown in the diagram.
6. Soil acidification causes leaching of soil nutrients. What does this mean?
Figure 17-21
7. How does the number of premature deaths due to air pollution differ between developing and developed
countries?
Chapter 18
Figure 18-2
8. Briefly describe the pattern of temperature change that has occurred on the Earth over the past
900,000 years.
9. What has happened to the average temperature over the past 130 years?
10. List four methods used to measure past temperature changes that are quantifiable.
Table 18-1
11. How many times greater is the warming potential of the following compared to CO2?
a. Methane CH4:
b. Nitrous Oxide N2O:
c. CFC’s
12. What three countries make the greatest contributions to CO 2 emissions?
How does this list change when per capita emissions are used?
13. Calculate the percent change (projected) in the emissions of each of the following three greenhouse
gases between 1990 and 2100 (Figure 18-7) SHOW ALL WORK:
a. Carbon dioxide
b. methane
c. nitrous oxide
14. Figure 18-11: How well have model predictions concerning global temperature matched actual
observations since 1860?
15. Define or identify each of the following:
a. greenhouse effect:
b. greenhouse gas:
c. chlorofluorocarbons:
d. carbon dioxide:
e. methane:
f. albedo:
g. Kyoto Treaty:
h. Montreal Protocol:
i. ozone thinning:
j. aerosols:
k. carbon taxes:
l. energy taxes:
16. What is the natural greenhouse effect and why is it important to all life on earth?
17. Describe Global Warming and its connection with the industrial revolution and the use of fossil
fuels.
18. List 5 greenhouse gases and their anthropogenic sources.
19. Explain how deforestation and the carbon cycle affect global climate change.
20. What is the scientific consensus of the IPCC about future climate change and its effects?
21. Explain how a positive ice Albedo feedback system could accelerate global warming.
22. Explain the effect oceans have on the climate.
23. What is the Kyoto Treaty and why did the U.S. Congress not ratify it? Do you agree or disagree,
why?
24. Why is ozone, a pollutant in the troposphere, necessary in the stratosphere?
25. What are CFCs and how do they cause ozone depletion in the stratosphere?
26. Explain why the ozone becomes thinner over the poles in the summer months compared to the
winter months.
27. List and describe health problems attributed to thinning ozone.
28. What are the Montreal and Copenhagen Protocols and how well have they worked?