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BLACK TURKEY SEA GEORGIA ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN TURKMENISTAN CASPIAN SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA LEBANON WEST BANK GAZA EGYPT SYRIA IRAN IRAQ JORDAN OMAN KUWAIT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SAUDI ARABIA BAHRAIN QATAR UNITED ARAB EMIRATES SUDAN OMAN YEMEN SOMALIA ETHIOPIA Fig. 13.1, p. 294 Slide 1 Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater Groundwater 0.592% Biota 0.0001% Lakes 0.007% 0.014% Ice caps and glaciers 1.984% Soil moisture 0.005% Rivers 0.0001% Atmospheric water vapor 0.001% Fig. 13.2, p. 296 Slide 2 Flowing artesian well Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area Evaporation and transpiration Well requiring a pump Precipitation Evaporation Confined Recharge Area Runoff Aquifer Infiltration Stream Water table Lake Infiltration Unconfined aquifer Less permeable material such as clay Confined aquifer Confining permeable rock layer Fig. 13.3, p. 297 Slide 3 5,500 Water use (cubic kilometers per year) 5,000 Total use 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 Agricultural use 1,500 Industrial use 1,000 Domestic use 500 1900 1920 1940 1960 Year 1980 2000 Fig. 13.4, p. 298 Slide 4 United States Power cooling 38% Agriculture 41% Industry 11% Public 10% China Agriculture 87% Public 6% Industry 7% Fig. 13.5, p. 298 Slide 5 1 automobile 400,000 liters (106,000 gallons) 1 kilogram cotton 10,500 liters (2,400 gallons) 1 kilogram aluminum 9,000 liters (2,800 gallons) 1 kilogram grain-fed beef 7,000 liters (1,900 gallons) 1 kilogram rice 1 kilogram corn 1 kilogram paper 1 kilogram steel 5,000 liters (1,300 gallons) 1,500 liters (400 gallons) 880 liters (230 gallons) 220 liters (60 gallons) Fig. 13.6, p. 298 Slide 6 Average annual precipitation (centimeters) 0-25 0-25 25-50 25-50 50-75 50-75 Fig. 13.7a, p. 299 Slide 7 Acute shortage Adequate supply Shortage Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million Fig. 13.8b, p. 299 Slide 8 Europe North America Asia Africa South America Stress High Australia None Fig. 13.8, p. 300 Slide 9 Large losses of water through evaporation Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Downstream flooding is reduced Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted Fig. 13.9, p. 301 Slide 10 IDAHO WYOMING Dam Aqueduct or canal Salt Lake City Grand Junction Upper Basin Denver Lower Basin UPPER BASIN UTAH COLORADO Lake Powell Grand Canyon Las Vegas Glen Canyon Dam NEW MEXICO Boulder City ARIZONA CALIFORNIA Albuquerque Los Angeles Palm Springs LOWER BASIN Phoenix San Diego Yuma Mexicali All-American Canal Golf of California Tucson 0 100 mi. 0 150 km Fig. 13.10, p. 304 MEXICO Slide 11 • Deliver nutrients to the sea sustain coastal fisheries • Deposit silt that maintains deltas • Purify water • Renew and nourish wetlands • Provide habitats for aquatic life • Conserve species diversity Fig. 13.11, p. 304 Slide 12 KAZAKHSTAN 2000 ARAL SEA 1989 1960 UZBEKISTAN TURKMENISTAN Fig. 13.12, p. 305 Slide 13 CALIFORNIA NEVADA Shasta Lake Sacramento River Oroville Dam and Reservoir Feather River North Bay Aqueduct UTAH Lake Tahoe Sacramento San Francisco Fresno South Bay Aqueduct Hoover Dam and Reservoir (Lake Mead) Colorado River Los Angeles Aqueduct San Luis Dam and Reservoir ARIZONA California Aqueduct Colorado River Aqueduct Santa Barbara Central Arizona Project Los Angeles San Diego Salton Sea Phoenix Tucson Fig. 13.13, p. 306 MEXICO Slide 14 CANADA Hudson Bay Chisasibi II James Bay ONTARIO NEWFOUNDLAND I II QUEBEC Chicago UNITED STATES New York City ATLANTIC OCEAN Fig. 13.14, p. 307 Slide 15 Original water table Initial water table Cone of depression Lowered water table Fig. 13.15, p. 307 Slide 16 Groundwater Overdrafts: High Moderate Minor or none Fig. 13.16a, p. 308 Slide 17 Subsidence: High Moderate Minor or none Fig. 13.16b, p. 308 Slide 18 Major irrigation well Well contaminated with saltwater Water table Sea Level Salt water Fresh groundwater aquifer Interface Saltwater Intrusion Interface Normal Interface Fig. 13.17, p. 308 Slide 19 Less than 61 meters (200 ft) WYOMING SOUTH DAKOTA 61-183 meters (200-600 ft) More than 183 meters (600 ft) (as much as 370 meters or 1,200 ft. in places) NEBRASKA KANSAS COLORADO OKLAHOMA NEW MEXICO TEXAS Miles 0 100 0 160 Kilometers Fig. 13.18, p. 309 Slide 20 Gravity Flow Drip Irrigation Center Pivot (efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves) (efficiency 90–95%) (efficiency 80% with low-pressure sprinkler and 90–95% with LEPA sprinkler) Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river. Above- or below-ground pipes or tubes deliver water to individual plant roots. Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from mobile boom with sprinklers. Fig. 13.19, p. 311 Slide 21 • Lining canals bringing water to irrigation ditches • Leveling fields with lasers • Irrigating at night to reduce evaporation • Using soil and satellite sensors and computer systems to monitor soil moisture and add water only when necessary • Polyculture • Organic farming • Growing water efficient crops using droughtresistant and salt-tolerant crop varieties • Irrigating with treated urban waste water • Importing water intensive crops and meat Fig. 13.20, p. 313 Slide 22 No electronic rights for this image. Fig. 13.21, p. 313 Slide 23 Reservoir Dam Levee Floodplain Flood wall Fig. 13.22, p. 314 Slide 24 No electronic rights for this image. Fig. 13.23, p. 316 Slide 25 Oxygen released by vegetation Diverse ecological habitat Evapotranspiration Trees reduce soil erosion from heavy rain and wind Steady river flow Agricultural land Leaf litter improves soil fertility Tree roots stabilize soil and aid water flow Forested Hillside Vegetation releases water slowly and reduces flooding Fig. 13.24a, p. 316 Slide 26 Tree plantation Evapotranspiration decreases Roads destabilize hillsides Ranching accelerates soil erosion by water and wind Winds remove fragile topsoil Agriculture land is flooded and silted up Gullies and landslides Heavy rain leaches nutrients from soil and erodes topsoil After Deforestation Silt from erosion blocks rivers and reservoirs and causes flooding downstream Rapid runoff causes flooding Fig. 13.24b, p. 316 Slide 27 Extremely severe Very severe Moderately severe Somewhat severe Fig. 13.25, p. 317 Not severe Slide 28 • Not depleting aquifers • Preserving ecological health of aquatic systems • Preserving water quality • Integrated watershed management • Agreements among regions and countries sharing surface water resources • Outside party mediation of water disputes between nations • Marketing of water rights • Wasting less water • Decreasing government subsides for supplying water • Increasing government subsides for reducing water waste • Slowing population growth Fig. 13.26, p. 317 Slide 29
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