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Microbiology Review Biology II The Inner Life of the Cell • See and Hear Video showing modeled behavior of cellular life… Microbiology The study of single celled organisms smaller than 1mm in size with most being too small to be seen with the naked eye. History of Human Knowledge •Used in foods for thousands of years •First described 1684 by van Leeuwenhoek •Germ Theory of Disease developed by Koch in the late 1800’s What Makes a Cell? • Smallest entity capable of independent life. • Separated from the environment by a cell envelope. • Always a cell membrane. • Sometimes includes a cell wall (in plants). • Contain internal structures. Who are These Guys? • Algae • Protozoa • Fungi • Archeabacteria • Viruses • Prions and Viroids • Bacteria Algae • Eukaryotes that may be unicellular, colonial or filamentous. Algae • Aquatic or terrestrial. • Mostly plant-like characteristics. • Photosynthetic. • Great variety of types, but all contain chlorophyll. • Some animal-like characteristics like phagocitosis of other organisms. Algae Algae Netrium (algae) Cladophora Algae Protozoa • Single celled eukaryotes, but may form colonial aggregates. • Aquatic with animal-like characteristics. Paramecium Amoeba Protozoa • Ingest organic matter for nutrients. • Vary greatly in size from 0.003mm to 5mm. • Many are human parasites. • Most are motile. ozoan Feeding key innovation: phagocytosis Raptorial Feeding: direct interception of prey Volvox Paramecium Stentor Amoeba Vorticella Colony Fungi • Very diverse group of eukaryotes. • Not all are microbes (mushrooms). • Yeasts are unicellular and spherical. • Molds are filamentous with branching. Fungi •Non-photosynthetic. •Require the uptake of organic matter for nutrients. •Saprophytic (feeds on dead matter) or parasitic (infects the living). •Propagate by spores. Archeabacteria • Single celled prokaryotes. • Extremophiles. • 4 broad groups. •Halophiles (like salty environments) •Methanogens (like swampy environments) •Sulfur dependent •Thermophiles (like it very hot) Archeabacteria Viruses • Consist of nucleic acid and protein. Viruses • Obligate intracellular parasites (can only live within other cells) • Are they really alive? • In general, are smaller than most prokaryotes. Prions and Viroids • Prions are proteins that cause diseases like BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, commonly known as 'mad cow disease'). • Viroids are small RNA’s with no associated protein that causes diseases in plants. • Neither fit the criteria for living organisms, but they are microbes and are therefore studied by microbiologists. Bacteria • Ubiquitous (they’re everywhere!) Bacteria • Reproduce asexually by fission or sexually by conjugation. • Vary greatly in shapes, sizes, metabolisms, and growth conditions. • Some main characteristics used in identification are colony appearance and cell size, shape, physiology and metabolism.
