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Transcript 
William S. Klug
Michael R. Cummings
Charlotte A. Spencer
Concepts of Genetics
Eighth Edition
Chapter 4
Extensions of Mendelian
Genetics
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Alleles Alter Phenotypes in
Different Ways
● wild-type
● loss of function
● null
● gain of function
New alleles are produced by
mutation
Geneticists Use a Variety of
Symbols for Alleles
In Incomplete Dominance,
Neither Allele Is Dominant
Figure 4-1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
In Codominance, the Influence of
Both Alleles in a Heterozygote Is
Clearly Evident (but there’s no
“blending” of phenotypes.)
Multiple Alleles of a Gene
May Exist in a Population
The ABO Blood Groups
The A and B Antigens
Table 4-1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 4-2
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 4-3
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Multiple Alleles of a Gene
May Exist in a Population
The White Locus in Drosophila
More than 100 alleles.
Table 4-2
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Lethal Alleles Represent
Essential Genes
?
Figure 4-4
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Combinations of Two Gene
Pairs Involving Two Modes of
Inheritance Modify the
9:3:3:1 Ratio
Figure 4-5
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Fig 4-5
Fig 4-5
Phenotypes Are Often
Affected by More Than One
Gene
Epistasis
Figure 4-6
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Fig 4-6
Fig 4-6
Phenotypes Are Often
Affected by More Than One
Gene
Unique Inheritance Patterns
Figure 4-7
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 4-8
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 4-9
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Expression of a Single Gene
May Have Multiple Effects
Pleiotropy
X-Linkage Describes Genes
on the X Chromosome
Figure 4-11
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 4-12
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 4-13
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Table 4-3
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
In Sex-Limited and SexInfluenced Inheritance, an
Individual’s Sex Influences
the Phenotype
Phenotypic Expression Is
Not Always a Direct
Reflection of the Genotype
Penetrance and Expressivity
Figure 4-16
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 4-17
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 4-17a
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 4-17b
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Phenotypic Expression Is
Not Always a Direct
Reflection of the Genotype
Temperature Effects
Figure 4-18
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 4-18a
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 4-18b
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Phenotypic Expression Is
Not Always a Direct
Reflection of the Genotype
• Nutritional Effects
• Onset of Genetic Expression
• Genetic Anticipation
• Genomic (Parental) Imprinting
Figure 4-19
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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