Download Tanaman Makanan AGR3502

Tanaman Makanan
Food Crops
AGR 3502
What are food crops?
Any domesticated or wild species of any plant
parts that are used for human or animal
consumption in raw or processed form.
Important plant family
• Hundreds of plant families, but the most
important ones are;
Poaceae=Graminae
Fabaceae=Leguminosae
Brassicaceae=Cruciferae
Asteraceae=Compositae
Aracaceae=Palmae
Types of food crops
Cereals (bijirin)
cereals are edible seeds from the grass family
(Poaceae or Graminae). They include wheat,
rice, corn, barley, oats, sorghum, and millet,
among others. The grain is a caryopsis, which
is a dry, one-seeded fruit. The grains of
different cereal crops may differ in size and
shape, but they all have a similar structure
and composition.
Types of food crops…cont
Pulses
The edible seeds of members of the Fabaceae
(Leguminosae) family, which includes beans,
peas, soybeans, groundnuts (peanuts) and
lentils, among other crops.
Types of food crops…cont
Roots and Tubers
Edible tubers, roots and corms e.g. cassava,
sweet potatoes, taro (cocoyam), yams
(Dioscorea spp.) and arrowroot .
It is expected that roots and tubers will play
an increasingly important role as food security
crops in the next 20 years.
Types of food crops…cont
 Oil seed crops
Important oil seed crops include soybeans,
rapeseed, sunflower seeds, groundnuts, oil
palm, sesame, and cottonseed.
Types of food crops…cont
 Vegetable crops
The foods called vegetables are a diverse group
that include some fruits (e.g., tomatoes), roots
(e.g., carrots), and flowers (e.g., broccoli).
“Vegetable" is a term that refers to crops that are
generally eaten fresh or preserved in the fresh
form.
Types of food crops…cont
 Fruits
A fruits is generally a fleshy seed associated part of
particular plant, it is naturally and most edible and
sweet in the raw state. A wide variety of fruits
(tropical and temperate)
Tropical fruits have their origin in the tropics and
require a warm climate to grow. They cannot tolerate
frost condition.
Types of food crops…cont
 Nuts
Important crops in this category include coconut,
cashew nut, almond and walnut, among others.
These crops tend to be high in fat, but may also
contain beneficial vitamins, minerals, and protein.
Types of food crops…cont
 Spices
A wide variety of spice crops such as cinnamon,
nutmeg, anise, cumin, black pepper and others.
Types of food crops…cont
 Medicinal plants or herbs
A wide variety of herbal plants especially in
the tropics. As an important source of
medicine. Examples include, kacip fatimah,
tongkat ali, hempedu bumi, misai kucing.
Types of food crops…cont
 Beverage crops
a diversity of drinks derive from plant sources,
e.g. cocoa, tea, coffee, barley. The main
contribution of this group to human nutrition is
to supply water, essential for human life. Some
also provide vitamins and minerals. Others
provide stimulants (caffeine), alcohol and spirits.
What is a staple food?
• A staple food, sometimes simply referred to
as a staple,
• is a food that is eaten routinely, and in such
quantities that
• it constitutes a dominant portion of a
standard diet in a given population,
• supplying a large fraction of the needs for
energy-rich materials
Top food crop species
Maize
Wheat
Rice
Potatoes
Cassava
Barley
Soybean
Sweet potatoes
Staple foods
Any questions
The Importance of food crops
Dietary requirements
1. Nutrient supply
As source of macronutrients and
micronutrients.
e.g. Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) in rice, corn and wheat
β carotene in cassava.
2. Proteins
The Importance of food crops
Dietary requirements
3. Fiber
As an important dietary component obtained
from plants. Fiber is not digestible but is
desirable because it helps food to transit
through the digestive tract.
The Importance of food crops
Dietary requirements
4. Vitamins
play a critical role as coenzymes in many
metabolic pathways, or may be directly
involved in synthesis of essential compounds.
The Importance of food crops
Dietary requirements
5. Energy supply
Crop
Energy (kJ/g)
Protein (%)
Lipid (%)
Wheat
1420
11.5
2.1
Corn
1471
10.1
4.1
Rice
1296
8.5
2.1
Sorghum
1455
10.1
5.1
Potatoes
347
2.0
0.1
Cassava
??
??
??
Nutrient content
On global scale
• Food security
Challenges for the future
Rice consumers is increasing at the rate of
1.8% annually.
Currently, production is 560 mill t annually
by 2025 need 850 mill t.
Challenges for the future
High population growth
Shortage of land
Scare of water resources
Shortage of labour
Climate change
So we have to focus only
• Not more than 4 crop species

Rice (Oryza sativa)
 Corn (Zea mays)
 Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas)
Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rice
Maize (corn)
Sweet potatoes
Cassava (tapioca)
Excluding
•
•
•
•
•
Fruits
Vegetables
Herbs
Seeds & Nuts
Legumes