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McKinley/O’Loughlin
Human Anatomy, 2nd Edition
CHAPTER 13
Answers to “What Did You Learn?”
1.
Eyebrows protect against sunlight and potential mechanical damage, eyelids close
reflexively to protect against foreign objects moving near the eye, and eyelashes
prevent airborne particles from contacting the eyeball.
2.
The narrow part of the nasal region between the eyes is called the bridge of the
nose.
3.
The anterior region of the neck contains the larynx, trachea and suprasternal
notch.
4.
The sternocleidomastoid muscle partitions the neck into an anterior triangle and a
posterior triangle.
5.
The sternal angle is the articulation between the manubrium and body of the
sternum. It is easily palpated and located at the level of the costal cartilage of the
second rib, so this landmark is clinical important for counting the ribs.
6.
The more superior levels of the iliac crests are at the same level as the spinous
process of the L4 vertebra. The clinical significance is that by palpating the iliac
crests, one can determine the level of this vertebra and thus then determine the
appropriate placement for a lumbar puncture needle.
7.
The triangle of auscultation is formed by the boundaries of the rhomboid major,
trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles. When an individual flexes the back, this
triangle becomes larger and respiratory sounds may be heard easily through a
stethoscope and not muffled by the muscles.
McKinley/O’Loughlin
8.
Human Anatomy, 2nd Edition
The pectoralis major forms the anterior axillary fold at the anterior border of the
axilla. The latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles form the posterior axillary
fold at the posterior border of the axilla.
9.
Located on the anterior surface of the elbow region, the cubital fossa is a
depression within which the median cubital vein is located. This vein is a
common location for venipuncture.
10.
The pulse of the brachial artery can be palpated along the medial side of the arm.
11.
The femoral triangle is on the anterior side of the thigh. Within this triangle
extend all the major vessels of the lower limb and the femoral nerve, and is an
important arterial pressure point to control lower limb hemorrhage.
12.
The great saphenous vein and the small saphenous vein are the two superficial
veins observed on the surface of the leg.
13.
On the dorsum of the foot, the tendons for tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum
longus, and extensor hallucis longus are clearly seen, especially when the foot is
dorsiflexed.
Answers to “Content Review”
1.
The facial region contains the auricular, nasal, orbital, oral, and the mental
regions. The auricular region is composed of the inner and outer structures of the
ear, the auricle, the external auditory canal, and the mastoid process. The nasal
region contains the nose (including the bridge of the nose, dorsum nasi, apex,
nostrils, and the ala nasi). The orbital region contains the eyeballs, eyebrows,
eyelids, and superior palpebral fissures. The oral region includes the cheek, lips,
McKinley/O’Loughlin
Human Anatomy, 2nd Edition
and the structures of the oral cavity, and the philtrum. The mental region contains
the chin.
2.
The vertebra prominens is the C7 vertebra. Its spinous process may be easily
palpated at the midline base of the posterior neck. .
3.
The two major triangles of the neck are the anterior triangle and the posterior
triangle. The anterior cervical triangle can be subdivided into the carotid
(contains the carotid artery), muscular (contains the sternohyoid and sternothyroid
muscles), submandibular (contains the submandibular gland), and submental
(contains cervical lymph nodes) triangles. The posterior cervical triangle is
subdivided into the occipital (contains the external jugular vein) and
supraclavicular (contains part of the subclavian artery and vein) triangles.
4.
The superficial inguinal ring is superior to the medial portion of the inguinal
ligament. It may be palpated superolateral to the pubic tubercle. This ring
represents a weak spot in the abdominal wall and is the site of inguinal hernias.
5.
The spinal tap [lumbar puncture] must be performed inferior to the end of the
spinal cord to prevent damage to the spinal cord. The physician must palpate the
iliac crests to identify the level of the L4 vertebra, then make the puncture
between L3 and L4 when the back is flexed by the patient.
6.
The medial and lateral epicondyles may be palpated along the medial and lateral
portions above the elbow, respectively. The olecranon may be palpated along the
posterior aspect of the elbow. Finally, the head of the radius may be palpated just
distal to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, especially when one pronates and
supinates the forearm.
McKinley/O’Loughlin
7.
Human Anatomy, 2nd Edition
The tendons of four flexor muscles on the forearm may be palpated along the
anterior surface of the wrist: flexor carpi ulnaris, superficial digital flexor,
palmaris longus, and flexor carpi radialis.
8.
The iliac crests form the superior borders of the buttocks. The natal cleft
separates the buttocks into two prominences. The inferior border of the gluteus
maximus and some fat form the gluteal fold of each buttock.
9.
The popliteal fossa is the depression on the posterior part of the knee joint that is
often the site of vascular problems in the elderly.
10.
(a) The pulse for the posterior tibial artery may be palpated posteroinferior to the
medial malleolus of the tibia. (b) The greater trochanter can be palpated on the
superior lateral surface of the thigh. (c) The medial and lateral malleoli are
prominent projections at the distal end of the tibia and fibula (respectively) that
form part of the ankle. (d) The tendinous attachments of the hamstring muscles
can be palpated along the posterior aspect of the knee joint when the knee is
flexed.