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Biodiversity,Conservation of Biodiversity,Types,Value,Biod iversity Hotspot,Threats to Biodiversity!! BIODIVERSITY The term ‘Biodiversity’ coined by Edward Wilson. Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety of life in an area that is determined by the number of different species in that area. Biological diversity increases the stability of an ecosystem and contributes to the health of the biosphere. TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY There are three types of biodiversity. 1. GENETIC DIVERSITY: genetic differences within a single population and among geographically separate population. 2. SPECIES DIVERSITY: variety among the species or distinct types of living organisms found in different habitats of the planet. 3. ECOSYSTEM OR ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: variety of forest, desert, grassland streams, lakes, oceans, coral reefs, wetlands and other biological communities. VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY The value of biodiversity is difficult to define and is often impossible to estimate DIRECT VALUES 1. Consumptive values Food, fodder Fuel,fiber,medicine Natural compounds,etc. 2. Non consumptive values Tourism, wild life INDIRECT VALUES Climate regulation Soil management Waste disposal Nutrient cycling Hydrological regime Species interaction Eco tourism watching, etc. Recreation THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY HABITAT DESTRUCTION: important to protect habitat in order to protect biodiversity within it. Huge pressure from the world’s rapidly increasing population. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE: change in a biotic elements of ecosystems leading to biotic change. HABITAT FRAGMENTATION: from human activity reduces ability of habitat to support species. POLLUTION: introduction of pollutant such as nutrient overloading with nitrate fertilizer as well as more immediately harmful chemicals. OVER EXPLOITATION: this includes the illegal wild life trade, as well as over fishing, logging of tropical hardwood etc. DISEASE: reduction in habitat causing high population densities encourages spread of diseases. BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT The most threatened areas of high species diversity on Earth have been labeled biodiversity hotspot and include mostly tropical rain forests, coastal areas and islands. CRITERIA OF A HOTSPOT To qualify as a hotspot, a region must meet two strict criteria. Richness of endemic species-1500 endemic plant species, 0.5% of global total. Impact by human activities must have lost more than 70% of its original habitat. BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT IN WORLD Based primarily on the degree of endemism in species composition, Myers ,in 1988,identified 12 such endemic species diversity.later,Myers,in 1990 identified ,in other climatic regions of the world ,a further 8 hotspots of endemic species diversity. in 1998,Myers further added 5 more hotspots regions making it 25 hotspot areas. Recently in 2006, Conservation International (CI) updated the list with with 9 new hotspots, although these new hotspot are still questionable. Now the total number of biodiversity hotspot in world is 35. SOME MAJOR BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS OF THE WORLD. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. North and Central America South America Europe and Central Asia Africa Asia-Pacific LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY The Earth’s diversity is in grave danger. in the present era humans are the major cause of destruction of biodiversity. Habitat destruction is a major cause of biodiversity loss. it is caused by deforestation,overpopulation,pollution and global warming. Species which are physically large and those living in forest and oceans are more affected by habitat reduction. Even if a small element of an ecosystem breaks down, the whole system’s balance is threatened. Fresh water ecosystems are nowadays the most threatened ecosystem. Species can also be threatened by genetic pollution, uncontrolled hybridization and gene swamping. Over exploitation is caused by activities such as over fishing, over hunting, excessive logging and illegal trade of wild life. Thus we can see that biodiversity which is crucial for the well being life on Earth, is coming under the threat of many factors related to human activities. so we must create economic policies in order to maintain the Earth’s biodiversity and take appropriate measures to protect habitat and species. CONSERVATION Conservation always has been one of the most important application of ecology. The term ‘conservation’ was coined by Gifford Pinchot(1908),from two Latin words ‘con’ meaning ‘together’ and ‘servare’ meaning ‘guard’. DEFINITION Conservation can be defined as the scientific management of our natural resources to the best benefit of all life, including human kind, present in the biosphere. So that these natural resources are protected from destructive influence, misuse and decay. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY Worlds as well as the megadiversity countries have a broad range of ecosystem that contain a vast array of the flora and fauna. the loss of biodiversity is occurring worldwide, thus it is in grave danger. Conservation of biodiversity studies all aspect of biodiversity with the goal of conserving natural resources. A primary goal of biodiversity conservation is the management of biodiversity for the sustainable use by humans. AIMS OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION The aims of conservation of biodiversity are many. 1. To preserve biological diversity involving prevention of species extinction and preservation of characteristics ecosystems and landscape. 2. Avoid unplanned development which would lead to breakdown of ecological as well as human laws. 3. To carry on careful and scientific exploitation of natural resources. 4. To maintain essential ecological processes and life support system. 5. To ensure the preservation of aesthetic and recreational of environment. TYPES OF CONSERVATION The conservation processes are of two types 1. IN-SITU CONSERVATION: The conservation of genetic resources through their maintenance within natural or even human made ecosystems in which they occur is termed as in-situ conservation. these are national parks,sanctuaries,nature reservoir, natural monuments, cultural landscapes, biosphere reserve etc. 2. EX-SITU CONSERVATION: When conservation is done outside the natural habitat of organisms, is called ex-situ conservation. Here ,sample populations are conserved in genetic resource centers, zoological parks, botanical gardens, culture collections etc. or are conserved in the form of gene pools and gamete storage for fishes,germplasm bank for seeds,pollen,semen,ova,cells etc. This the general notes of Biodiversity & Conservation of Biodiversity. Thank You.