Download Biodiversity,Conservation of Biodiversity,Types,Value,Biodiversity

Biodiversity,Conservation of
Biodiversity,Types,Value,Biod
iversity Hotspot,Threats to
Biodiversity!!
BIODIVERSITY
The term ‘Biodiversity’ coined by Edward Wilson.
Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety of life in
an area that is determined by the number of different species
in that area.
Biological diversity increases the stability of an ecosystem
and contributes to the health of the biosphere.
TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
There are three types of biodiversity.
1. GENETIC DIVERSITY: genetic differences within a single
population and among geographically separate population.
2. SPECIES DIVERSITY: variety among the species or distinct
types of living organisms found in different habitats of
the planet.
3. ECOSYSTEM OR ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: variety of forest,
desert, grassland streams, lakes, oceans, coral reefs,
wetlands and other biological communities.
VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY
The value of biodiversity is difficult to define and is often
impossible to estimate
DIRECT VALUES
1. Consumptive values
Food, fodder
Fuel,fiber,medicine
Natural compounds,etc.
2. Non consumptive values
Tourism, wild life
INDIRECT VALUES
Climate regulation
Soil management
Waste disposal
Nutrient cycling
Hydrological regime
Species interaction
Eco tourism
watching,
etc.
Recreation
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
HABITAT DESTRUCTION: important to protect habitat in
order to protect biodiversity within it. Huge pressure
from the world’s rapidly increasing population.
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE: change in a biotic elements of
ecosystems leading to biotic change.
HABITAT FRAGMENTATION: from human activity reduces
ability of habitat to support species.
POLLUTION: introduction of pollutant such as nutrient
overloading with nitrate fertilizer as well as more
immediately harmful chemicals.
OVER EXPLOITATION: this includes the illegal wild life
trade, as well as over fishing, logging of tropical
hardwood etc.
DISEASE: reduction in habitat causing high population
densities encourages spread of diseases.
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT
The most threatened areas of high species diversity on Earth
have been labeled biodiversity hotspot and include mostly
tropical rain forests, coastal areas and islands.
CRITERIA OF A HOTSPOT
To qualify as a hotspot, a region must meet two strict
criteria.
Richness of endemic species-1500 endemic plant species,
0.5% of global total.
Impact by human activities must have lost more than 70%
of its original habitat.
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT IN WORLD
Based primarily on the degree of endemism in species
composition, Myers ,in 1988,identified 12 such endemic species
diversity.later,Myers,in 1990 identified ,in other climatic
regions of the world ,a further 8 hotspots of endemic species
diversity. in 1998,Myers further added 5 more hotspots regions
making it 25 hotspot areas. Recently in 2006, Conservation
International (CI) updated the list with with 9 new hotspots,
although these new hotspot are still questionable. Now the
total number of biodiversity hotspot in world is 35.
SOME MAJOR BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS OF THE WORLD.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
North and Central America
South America
Europe and Central Asia
Africa
Asia-Pacific
LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
The Earth’s diversity is in grave danger. in the present era
humans are the major cause of destruction of biodiversity.
Habitat destruction is a major cause of biodiversity loss. it
is caused by deforestation,overpopulation,pollution and global
warming. Species which are physically large and those living
in forest and oceans are more affected by habitat reduction.
Even if a small element of an ecosystem breaks down, the whole
system’s balance is threatened. Fresh water ecosystems are
nowadays the most threatened ecosystem.
Species can also be threatened by genetic pollution,
uncontrolled hybridization and gene swamping. Over
exploitation is caused by activities such as over fishing,
over hunting, excessive logging and illegal trade of wild
life.
Thus we can see that biodiversity which is crucial for the
well being life on Earth, is coming under the threat of many
factors related to human activities. so we must create
economic policies in order to maintain the Earth’s
biodiversity and take appropriate measures to protect habitat
and species.
CONSERVATION
Conservation always has been one of the most important
application of ecology.
The
term
‘conservation’
was
coined
by
Gifford
Pinchot(1908),from two Latin words ‘con’ meaning ‘together’
and ‘servare’ meaning ‘guard’.
DEFINITION
Conservation can be defined as the scientific management of
our natural resources to the best benefit of all life,
including human kind, present in the biosphere. So that these
natural resources are protected from destructive influence,
misuse and decay.
CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
Worlds as well as the megadiversity countries have a broad
range of ecosystem that contain a vast array of the flora and
fauna. the loss of biodiversity is occurring worldwide, thus
it is in grave danger.
Conservation of biodiversity studies all aspect of
biodiversity with the goal of conserving natural resources.
A primary goal of biodiversity conservation is the management
of biodiversity for the sustainable use by humans.
AIMS OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
The aims of conservation of biodiversity are many.
1. To preserve biological diversity involving prevention of
species extinction and preservation of characteristics
ecosystems and landscape.
2. Avoid unplanned development which would lead to
breakdown of ecological as well as human laws.
3. To carry on careful and scientific exploitation of
natural resources.
4. To maintain essential ecological processes and life
support system.
5. To ensure the preservation of aesthetic and recreational
of environment.
TYPES OF CONSERVATION
The conservation processes are of two types
1. IN-SITU CONSERVATION: The conservation of genetic
resources through their maintenance within natural or
even human made ecosystems in which they occur is termed
as in-situ conservation. these are national
parks,sanctuaries,nature reservoir, natural monuments,
cultural landscapes, biosphere reserve etc.
2. EX-SITU CONSERVATION: When conservation is done outside
the natural habitat of organisms, is called
ex-situ conservation. Here ,sample populations are
conserved in genetic resource centers, zoological parks,
botanical gardens, culture collections etc. or are
conserved in the form of gene pools and gamete storage
for
fishes,germplasm
bank
for
seeds,pollen,semen,ova,cells etc.
This the general notes of Biodiversity & Conservation of
Biodiversity.
Thank You.