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Mapping • Map – drawing of the Earth, or part of it, on a flat surface • Globe –most accurate representation of the entire surface of the Earth. Why? • Scale –compares distances on a map or globe to actual distance on Earth’s surface (Ex. 1 cm = 10 km on some maps) Longitude • Meridians • lines that run between the North and South poles • measures distances East and West • each line measures 10 of longitude around the Earth • Lines go from 00 to 1800 east or west • Prime meridian – the meridian that runs through • Greenwich, England 00 • Time zones – 24 hours = 1 full rotation of the Earth (3600). • Rotates 150 each • 24 time zones of 150each , earth rotates from east to west (making the sun appear to rise in the East) International date linelocated along the 180th meridian. If you pass it going east, you subtract a day. If you pass it going west, you add one day. Latitude Parallels – (AKA latitude) cross meridians at right angles. Lines go east to west, but measure distances going north to south. Lines go from 0 to 900 north or south. Equator – 00 latitude. Topo Maps Maps that show changes in elevation of earth’s surface i.e. mountains, rivers, forests, etc… Contour lines – • connects points of = elevation • Never cross ones of different elevations • Closely spaced lines= steep slope • Far apart lines= gentle slope • Loops form at hilltops or depressions • Depression: lines inside are hachures • Marsh: • School: • House: • Contour interval: difference between consecutive contour lines • Rivers/streams: V points upstream or to higher elevations Landforms • Islands: Small landmass completely surrounded by water • Continents : Landmass that measures millions of square km and rises a considerable distance above sea level Topography • Refers to the shape of the Earth’s surface Landscape/Landforms • Physical features of the Earth’s surface found in an area • 3 types -mountains -plains -plateaus Elevation • Elevation • Height above sea level • Varies from place to place • Difference in a regions elevation is called relief Mountains • Natural landforms that reach high elevations • Have narrow summits (tops) and steep slopes (sides) • High relief • Height of mt. is its height above sea level • Example: Pike’s Peak in CO rises 2700m above the surrounding land; 4301m above sea level • Some mts are young and some old, form from the folding and breaking of the Earth’s surface or from hot magma that breaks through the Earth’s surface • Individual mountains: usually formed from volcanic activity • Mountain range: roughly parallel series of mts. that have the same general shape and structure • Mountain system: group of mt. ranges • Mountain belt: most mt. ranges/systems are part of an even larger group of mts. • 2 major mt. belts in the world • – Circum-Pacific – Eurasian-Melanesian Mountain Belt • Plains • Flat areas that do not rise far above sea level • Low relief • Difference between highest and lowest point may be less than 100m 2 types: • Coastal plain: low, flat along a coast, lots of farming due to enriched soil • Interior plain: low, flat areas found inland, higher above sea level (than coastal plain) EX: Great Plains: good farming soil and for raising cattle and sheep • Plateaus • Broad flat areas that rise more than 600m above sea level • Low relief • Most located inland • Many are dry- almost desert areas