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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Expanding Horizons
Section 2: Imperialism in the Pacific
Section 3: Spanish-American War
Section 4: Latin American Policies
Visual Summary
Expanding Horizons
Essential Question Why did the United States
extend its influence to other regions in the late
1800s?
Imperialism in the Pacific
Essential Question Why did the United States
expand its role in the Pacific?
Spanish-American War
Essential Question How did the SpanishAmerican War help the United States become a
world power?
Latin American Policies
Essential Question How did the beliefs of the
U.S. presidents shape Latin American foreign
policies?
Why did the United States extend its
influence to other regions in the late
1800s?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• isolationism
• imperialism
• expansionism
Academic Vocabulary
• communication
• vision
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Matthew Perry
• William H. Seward
• Pan-American Union
Rate your agreement with the following
statement: The United States should not be
involved in issues outside of its own
borders.
0%
D
D. Strongly disagree
C
C. Somewhat disagree
B
B. Somewhat agree
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
A
A. Strongly agree
American Foreign Policy
The influence of the United States
began to extend to other world
regions.
American Foreign Policy (cont.)
• Some Americans supported a foreign policy
of isolationism, or noninvolvement, in world
affairs.
• Expansionism was a driving force in the
growth of the United States, and with the
continental frontier now settled many
Americans looked to frontiers overseas.
Modern Battleships
American Foreign Policy (cont.)
• In 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry signed
a treaty with Japan which opened two
Japanese ports to American ships.
What is the name for a policy of noninvolvement in world affairs?
A. Expansionism
B. Isolationism
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Spheres of influence
B
C. Imperialism
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
An Age of Imperialism
The United States expanded its
territory when it bought Alaska and
extended its influence in Latin
America.
An Age of Imperialism (cont.)
• The late 1800s and early 1900s were called
an age of imperialism, during which time
powerful European nations created large
empires by gaining economic and political
control over weaker nations.
An Age of Imperialism (cont.)
• Secretary of State William H. Seward
pictured a vast American empire connected
by a canal across Central America, a
transcontinental railroad system, and rapid
communication through telegraph wires.
– Seward moved closer to making his vision
a reality when he purchased Alaska from
Russia in 1867.
The Alaska Purchase
An Age of Imperialism (cont.)
• Some Americans believed imperialism would
help bring religion and culture to other parts
of the world.
• The Pan-American Union promoted
cooperation between the United States and
the nations of Latin America.
• By the early 1900s, the United States had
built up the naval power needed to support
its expanding role in foreign affairs.
Josiah Strong thought Africa, Asia, and
Latin America would benefit from what?
A. Increased trade
0%
D
0%
A
D. A stronger United
States navy
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Farming methods
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Christianity and
Western culture
Why did the United States expand its
role in the Pacific?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• provisional government
• spheres of influence
Academic Vocabulary
• consult
• exploit
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Liliuokalani
• John Hay
• Open Door policy
• Russo-Japanese War
• Treaty of Portsmouth
Do you feel that people have total control
over the direction of their lives or that
outside forces play a role as well?
A. Total control
A. A
B. B
0%
B
0%
A
B. Outside forces
Hawaii
The United States strengthened its
foothold in the Pacific by annexing
Hawaii and part of Samoa.
Hawaii (cont.)
• In 1867 William Seward acquired the Pacific
islands of Midway as an important stopping
place for American ships en route to China.
• In the 1790s, Americans began to trade with
the independent communities of the
Hawaiian Islands.
United States Overseas Possessions, 1900
Hawaii (cont.)
• Many Americans began settling in Hawaii,
including:
– Christian missionaries
– Merchants from the whaling industry
– Sugar planters
United States Overseas Possessions, 1900
Hawaii (cont.)
• Facing ruin from American tariffs on Hawaiian
sugar, planters argued that Hawaii should be
made a territory of the United States.
• Wanting Hawaiians to regain economic control
of their islands, Queen Liliuokalani took
away the powers from American sugar
planters.
United States Overseas Possessions, 1900
Hawaii (cont.)
• The planters responded by overthrowing
Liliuokalani and setting up a provisional
government in 1893.
• When William McKinley became president,
Congress approved the annexation of
Hawaii, and in 1900 it became a territory of
the United States.
United States Overseas Possessions, 1900
Hawaii (cont.)
• Without consulting the Samoans, the
United States and Germany split the Samoa
Islands, and the United States quickly
annexed its portion.
United States Overseas Possessions, 1900
On July 4, 1894, Hawaii became an
independent republic. Who was its
first president?
A. William Seward
0%
D
0%
A
D. Queen Liliuokalani
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Matthew Perry
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Sanford Dole
China and the Open Door
The Open Door policy protected and
expanded U.S. trading interests in
China.
China and the Open Door (cont.)
• China could not resist the efforts of foreign
powers that wanted to exploit its vast
resources and markets.
• Japan and European powers had carved out
spheres of influence—sections of the
country where the nations enjoyed special
rights and powers—in China by the late
1890s.
China and the Open Door (cont.)
• Secretary of State John Hay proposed an
Open Door policy which gave each foreign
nation in China rights to trade freely in the
other nations’ spheres of influence.
• After the Boxer Rebellion, foreign powers
accepted Hay’s Open Door policy.
Which of the following countries was
not among the spheres of influence in
China in the 1890s?
A. Great Britain
0%
D
0%
A
D. Spain
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Japan
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. France
Japan
The relations between Japan and
the United States were strained in
the early 1900s.
Japan (cont.)
• Eager to expand its power in Asia, Japan
attacked a Russian fleet in Manchuria,
starting the Russo-Japanese War.
• President Roosevelt helped negotiate the
Treaty of Portsmouth, which recognized
Japan’s control of Korea in return for Japan’s
pledge to halt expansion.
Japan (cont.)
• When Japanese immigrants in the United
States were ordered to attend separate
schools, relations between Japan and the
United States worsened.
Which president helped settle the
conflict between Russia and Japan?
A. Abraham Lincoln
B. William McKinley
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Grover Cleveland
B
C. Theodore Roosevelt
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
How did the Spanish-American War
help the United States become a
world power?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• yellow journalism • protectorate
• armistice
• territory
Academic Vocabulary
• trigger
• eventual
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Rough Riders
• Battle of San Juan Hill
• Platt Amendment
Which do you think is the most
common cause of war?
A. The desire for expansion
B. Religious differences
0%
D
A
0%
C
D. Political differences
B
C. Financial reasons
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
“A Splendid Little War”
Events in Cuba led to war between
the United States and Spain in
1898.
“A Splendid Little War” (cont.)
• The revolution in Cuba as described through
yellow journalism tactics caused great
concern in the United States.
• President McKinley sent the warship Maine
to Havana to protect American citizens and
property.
• American newspapers blamed Spain when
the Maine exploded, which triggered the
Spanish-American war.
The Spanish-American War
“A Splendid Little War” (cont.)
• Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough Riders
to victory in the Battle of San Juan Hill.
• Shortly afterwards, the Spanish signed an
armistice and the war ended.
• Secretary of State John Hay called the
Spanish-American War “a splendid little
war.”
The Spanish-American War
Which of the following events triggered the
war between the United States and Spain?
A. The explosion of the Maine
B. The tour of the
“Great White Fleet”
0%
D
0%
C
B
A
A. A
B. B
C. A surprise Spanish
0%
0%
attack on Florida
C. C
D. D
D. A Cuban attack on the United States
Acquisitions
The American empire became a
reality after the Spanish-American
War.
Acquisitions (cont.)
• The United States and Spain signed the
Treaty of Paris, ending the war. Under the
terms of the treaty:
– Cuba became an American protectorate.
– Puerto Rico and Guam became territories
of the United States.
– Spain surrendered the Philippines to the
United States for $20 million.
Acquisitions (cont.)
• Cuba was granted full independence on the
condition that their constitution gave the
United States certain rights, known as the
Platt Amendment.
• The Jones Act in 1917 made Puerto Rico a
territory of the United States and granted
American citizenship to all Puerto Ricans.
Acquisitions (cont.)
• The acquisition of the Philippines aroused
fierce debate among American citizens.
– Some argued that American rule of the
Philippines went against the democratic
principles on which the United States was
founded.
– Others felt the Philippines would provide
the United States with an important Pacific
naval base.
Acquisitions (cont.)
• In February 1899, Emilio Aguinaldo began a
fight for independence of the Philippines.
• In the summer of 1901, the United States
transferred the authority from a military to a
civilian government to prepare the islands
for eventual self-rule.
Which of the following is NOT a provision of
the Treaty of Paris?
A. Cuba became an
American protectorate.
0%
D
0%
A
D. The Philippines were given
their independence.
C
C. Guam became a territory of
the United States.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
B
B. Puerto Rico became a
territory of the United States.
How did the beliefs of U.S. presidents
shape Latin American foreign
policies?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• isthmus
• anarchy
• dollar diplomacy
Academic Vocabulary
• eliminate
• annual
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Roosevelt Corollary
• Francisco “Pancho” Villa
• John J. Pershing
Which of the following do you feel should
most guide presidential decisions?
A. The Constitution
0%
D
0%
A
D. What is most
economically sound
C
C. Morals
A. A
B. B
C.
0% C0%
D. D
B
B. What is best for
American citizens
Panama
The United States negotiated with
Panama to build the Panama Canal.
Panama (cont.)
• Americans wanted a connection between the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Central
America to eliminate the long and
dangerous sea voyage around South
America.
• In 1901, France sold its rights to build a
canal across Panama—an isthmus in
Central America—to the United States for
$40 million.
Building the Panama Canal, 1900s
Panama (cont.)
• The United States negotiated a 99-year
lease with Colombia at the cost of $10
million with an annual rent of $250,000.
• When the Colombian Senate rejected the
lease, the United States supported Panama
in their quest for independence from
Panama.
Building the Panama Canal, 1900s
Panama (cont.)
• The Panama Canal opened on August 15,
1914.
• The canal shortened the trip from New York
to San Francisco from 12,600 miles to only
4,900 miles.
Building the Panama Canal, 1900s
Why did France sell their rights and property in
Panama to the United States?
A. France never really wanted
the land.
B. France’s attempt to build its
own canal failed.
D.
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
0%
A
C.
A. A
France did not want to fight a war
B. B
with Panamanian revolutionaries.
C. C
France did not want to fight a war with the United
States.
D. D
Policing the Western Hemisphere
Using its economic and military
power, the United States policed the
Western Hemisphere.
Policing the Western Hemisphere (cont.)
• President Roosevelt had a strong stance on
foreign policy.
– He believed the United States should
respond to foreign crises not with threats
but with military action.
– He also believed America must exercise
“an international police power” to prevent
world from falling into anarchy.
Policing the Western Hemisphere (cont.)
• Roosevelt established the Roosevelt
Corollary, an addition to the Monroe
Doctrine, claiming the right to intervene in
the affairs of Latin American nations
whenever those nations seemed unstable.
Policing the Western Hemisphere (cont.)
• William Howard Taft’s foreign policy was
known as dollar diplomacy.
– Taft was willing to intervene in other
nations’ affairs if they threatened American
business interests.
Which president often quoted the
African proverb “Speak softly and
carry a big stick”?
A. Grover Cleveland
0%
D
0%
A
D. William Howard Taft
A
B
C0%
D
C
C. Theodore Roosevelt
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. William McKinley
Relations With Mexico
During the early 1900s, the United
States and Mexico almost went to
war with each other.
Relations With Mexico (cont.)
• Francisco Madero, a popular Mexican
reformer, led a successful revolution against
Porfirio Díaz in 1911.
• Two years later, General Victoriano Huerta
overthrew and killed Madero.
• President Woodrow Wilson authorized arms
sales to Huerta’s rival, Venustiano Carranza.
Relations with Mexico
Relations With Mexico (cont.)
• When Huerta’s troops arrested American
sailors, Wilson ordered U.S. troops to seize
the port of Veracruz.
• Huerta was forced to flee and Carranza took
power.
• Rebel leader Francisco “Pancho” Villa
shot 16 Americans because of U.S. support
for the Carranza government.
Relations with Mexico
Relations With Mexico (cont.)
• American troops led by General John J.
Pershing crossed into Mexico in search of
Villa but left when America’s attention turned
to the war in Europe.
Relations with Mexico
Which president’s foreign policy was
known as “Moral Diplomacy”?
A. William McKinley
B. Theodore Roosevelt
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Woodrow Wilson
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. William Howard Taft
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isolationism
a national policy of avoiding
involvement in world affairs
expansionism
a policy that calls for expanding
a nation’s boundaries
imperialism
the actions used by one nation to
exercise political or economic control
over smaller or weaker nations
communication
process of exchanging information
vision
an imagined plan
provisional government
temporary government
sphere of influence
section of a country where one
foreign nation enjoys special rights
and powers
consult
to seek opinions or information from
exploit
to make use of meanly or unjustly for
one’s own advantage
yellow journalism
writing which exaggerates
sensational, dramatic, and gruesome
events to attract readers, named for
stories that were popular during the
late 1800s; a type of sensational,
biased, and often false reporting
armistice
a temporary peace agreement to end
fighting
protectorate
a country that is technically
independent, but is actually under the
control of another country
territory
an area that is completely controlled
by another country as a colonial
possession
trigger
to start
eventual
occurring later
isthmus
a narrow strip of land connecting two
larger land areas
anarchy
disorder and lawlessness
dollar diplomacy
a policy of joining the business
interests of a country with its
diplomatic interests abroad
eliminate
to remove; to eradicate; to end
annual
yearly
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