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START Serotonin High Alcohol Androgen Generalised Biological We’ve seen how chemicals (neurotransmitters) are used within our... So if serotonin levels are ___ behaviour can be more impulsive and aggressive. Research on monkeys show a diet high in _________ (which increases levels of serotonin) exhibited decreased levels of aggression. The sex difference in aggression is usually attributed to the effects of the male sex hormone, called... Beeman (1947) ________ male mice and found their aggressiveness reduced Much of the research has focused on males and therefore is criticised as... The ______________ debate is important in studying aggression. Nervous System Studies have shown that _______, in normal levels, exerts a calming, inhibitory effect on neural brain activity. Low We have also found a link between aggressive behaviour and _____levels of dopamine. Tryptophan Badawy (2006) found that ______ consumption caused major disruption to serotonin levels. Testosterone It is one of the _________ hormones, so called because they produce male characteristics. Castrated Animal studies have investigated the role of testosterone, but they may not be _________ to human behaviour. Androcentric Biased Nature versus Nurture ______ explanations reduce complex human behaviour down to small chemical differences. Monozygotic twins (identical) share ___% of their genes with each other 100 Concordance Aggression Adoptive Correlation Similarly Enzyme Dizygotic (nonidentical) twins share only ___% of their genes. Mason and Frick (1994) conducted a ___ analysis of 12 twin and 3 adoption studies, a total of 3795 twin pairs. They assessed the degree of genetic and __________________ influences on aggression in male participants. Hutchings and Mednick (1973) reviewed 14’000 adoptions in... Finding large numbers of MZ twins who are reared apart is extremely... In some countries, such as the US and New Zealand, children given up for adoption display a higher rate of antisocial behaviour. Bruner et al (1993) found men in a specific family to have abnormally low levels of MAOA in their bodies, resulting in extremely _____ levels of all three neurotransmitters. 50 McGuffin and Gotetesman (1985) found a ________ rate of 87% for aggressive and antisocial behaviour for MZ twins. Meta- Coccaro et al (1997) conducted one of the few twin studies specifically looking into... Environmental Adoption studies allow us to examine the difference between children and their biological parents, and their ______ parents. Denmark Rare New Zealand High They found a significant positive __________ between the number of convictions for criminal violence among the biological parents and of convictions for criminal violence among their adopted sons. Not only do MZ twins share genetics they also live in the same environment, that frequently treats them more _______ than it treats DZ twins. Researchers have discovered that the gene responsible for producing the ______ monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) may also be associated with aggressive behaviour. END