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HIV Testing
CDC power point edited by M. Myers
Message
 There are numbers of
tests
 They should be used in
combination (strategies)
 Combinations must be
consistent
Laboratory Tests
 diagnosis of infection
acute, recent, established or late
stage disease
 prognostic markers
 monitoring of ARV therapies
immunological and virological
markers
toxicities
 diagnosis of opportunistic
infections
 drug resistance testing
‘typical’ primary HIV-1 infection
symptoms
symptoms
HIV proviral DNA
HIV antibodies
‘window’
period
HIV viral load
HIV-1 p24 antigen
0
1
1° infection
2
3
weeks
4
5
6
/
2
Time following infection
4
6
years
8
10
HIV Assays: Methodologies
FOR THE DIAGNOSIS (DETECTION)
Virus Detection
EIA
Simple, rapid
tests
Immunoblots
Antibody
Antigen
Detection
Incident assays
DNA
(RNA)
+
HIV Testing Direct Detection of Virus
 HIV antigen– serology
 - In isolation
 - Diagnosis of primary infection viraemia
 Virus culture / isolation
 Nucleic acid detection - (NAT)
 Clinical uses
Proviral DNA vs. plasma RNA (viral load)
 resolution of inconclusive serology / neonatal
 subtyping
 drug resistance monitoring
Available Assays
EIAs including
rapid, simple
particle agglutination,
dot/blot
Western blot
Antigen & Ab/Ag
Incidence assays
Direct Virus Detection
Particle Agglutination
Western Blot




Expensive – $ 80 - 100
technically more difficult
visual interpretation
lack standardisation
- performance
- interpretation
- indeterminate reactions –
resolution of ??
 ‘Gold Standard’ for confirmation
Antibody testing
limitations
 Difficulties in interpretation
 Limitations - ‘window period’
 antibodies appear within 3-4 weeks
Direct detection – HIV p24 antigen or
DNA/RNA (NAT) – pre-antibody
Combo test = earlier detection
 Primary infection + therapy = delayed
antibody response
Ag/Ab Combo tests
Ab
&
Ag
Ag & Ab
 Detection of Ag & Ab in a single
test
 utility in primary infection – preseroconversion ‘window period’
 Incident populations – ‘at risk’
 Blood bank
 Automated platforms available
Issues with Combo
Assays
 Testing strategies
 False reactivity rates
 Confirmation strategies
 Replacement of other assays
(especially in the USA)
 Cost
 Legal issues
What about simple assays?
HIV Determine test
 Detect HIV-1 & HIV-2
 Cannot differentiate
 Procedural control – anti Hu IgG
 Whole blood or serum/plasma
 Widely available
 No additional reagents required
 Room temperature storage
 15 minutes to result
BioRad HIV-1/2
Multispot
 Detects HIV-1 and HIV-2
 Will differentiate 1 and 2
 Procedural control – anti-Hu IgG
 Serum / plasma only
 Additional reagents (included)
 Requires refrigerated storage
 ‘Immunoconcentration’ principle
 15 minutes to result
WHO Recommended Strategies
 Strategy I Test all samples with one EIA
 Strategy II Strategy I with all reactives
retested in a more specific test with
different principle and/or antigen.
 Strategy III Strategy II with reactives
tested in a third test differing from the
first two tests.
WHO Recommended Testing
Strategies
 Transfusion safety
 Strategy I
 Surveillance
 >10%
 <10%
Diagnosis
Risk factors
No risk factors
Strategy II
>10%
II
<10% III
I
II
Testing Strategies
AIM:
To develop the logic used in
establishing the use of HIV tests
(testing strategies)
Objectives of Testing Strategies
 To achieve the correct diagnosis in the most
efficient manner
 To maintain consistency in testing
 To know the predictive value of the testing
process
 To develop baseline data for assessing
changes
 To deliver useful results
Aims in Developing HIV Testing
Strategies
 To arrive at the correct sero-diagnosis
 To minimise total testing; thus cost
 Minimise samples classed as indeterminate
or dual reactors
 Detect HIV-1 negative but HIV-2 positive
 Follow likely seroconverters (HIV-1 or -2)
Screening Assays
 Are used to detect antibody-- specific or
nonspecific
 Are designed to handle large numbers of
samples with rapid throughput
 Must be high performance
 Should include a full range of HIV antigens
Serological Testing Strategy
SCREENING TEST, highly sensitive
NEG
REACTIVE
SUPPLEMENTAL TEST,
highly sensitive & higher
specificity
POS
NEG
IND
POS
ADDITIONAL
TESTS
NEG
IND
HIV Testing Strategy
HIV1/2
SCREEN
NEG
REACTIVE
POS
HIV-1
WB
NEG
IND
POS
ADDITIONAL
TESTS
NEG
IND
POINT OF REPORTING
Supplemental Assays
Range of assays that further define
sero-status
High Performance (higher specificity)
The Use of Screening Assays
Define samples as negative for a given
analyte
Enable high throughput
Predictive Values
Positive Predictive Values:
The likelihood of a sample identified as a
reactive by a test being truly POSITIVE for
the analyte used as the basis of the test.
PPV =
True Positives
X 100%
True Positives + False Reactives
Predictive Values
Negative Predictive Values:
The likelihood that a sample identified as a nonreactive by a test is truly NEGATIVE for the
analyte used as the basis of the test.
NPV =
True Negatives
X 100%
True Negatives + False Negatives
WHO Recommended Strategies
 Strategy I Test all samples with one EIA
 Strategy II Strategy I with all reactives
retested in a more specific test with
different principle and/or antigen.
 Strategy III Strategy II with reactives
tested in a third test differing from the
first two tests.
WHO Recommended Testing
Strategies
 Transfusion safety
 Strategy I
 Surveillance
 >10%
 <10%
Diagnosis
Risk factors
No risk factors
Strategy II
>10%
II
<10% III
I
II
WHO Guidelines
Other possibilities
 strategy for confirmation
combination of affordable & simple assays
different test principles
different antigen preparations





two or three ELISAs or rapid tests
diagnosis confirmed by second sample
detection of virus (PCR)
antigen detection (limited lab.facilities)
Always use a QC sample
Cost of HIV Testing
comparative costs
 ELISA (Ab only) - $2 per test
 EIA (Ab/Ag combo) - $3.50
 rapid test - $10-20 per test
 Western blot $80 - 100
 p24 antigen $30
 PCR - qualitative $80 - 100
 PCR - quantitative (viral load) $90 – 150*
 DNA sequencing (resistance) $400 – 700
Summary of Testing Strategies
Screening test x1
Eliminates
laboratory
error
R
Screening test x2
RR or R-
POS
+
Supplemental
test
Other tests
NEG
-
NEG
NEG