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FERTILIZATION Surface application • Applied over top of soil • Beneath canopy Surface application • Advantage • Easy to apply Surface application • Disadvantage • Volatilization • Runoff • Turfgrass competition Subsurface application • Drill-hole method • Advantage • Get below turf or other competing roots • Aerate root zone Subsurface application • Drill-hole method • Disadvantage • Time consuming Subsurface application • Drill-hole method • Drill holes 2 to 4 inches in diameter Subsurface application • Drill-hole method • 12 to 36 inches apart Subsurface application • Drill-hole method • Extend holes within the drip line Subsurface application • Drill-hole method • Fill holes with fertilizer/mulch/compost mix Subsurface application • Fertilizer spikes • Convenient and fast • Root burn • High salt concentration Subsurface application • Liquid injection with soluble fertilizer Foliar application • Micronutrients • Limited effectiveness Implants and Injections • Micronutrient injected into xylem • Most effective on actively transpiring trees • Every other year preferred to limit wounding Palms Potassium • Most common • Most serious nutrient deficiency • Older foliage first • Margin burn • Midrib remains green Palms • Potassium translocated from old to new foliage • Old foliage first to show symptoms • New foliage eventually stunted and necrotic • Deficient foliage never recovers Palms Magnesium • Similar to potassium • Magnesium rarely fatal • Old leaves • Margin burn • Midrib stays green Palms Manganese • Symptoms only on new foliage • Frizzletop disease • Common in alkaline soils Boron Toxicity • Boron accumulates from guttation • Exudation from plant • Salt burn Boron Toxicity • Mt. Pleasant aquifer • Sago palm • Magnolia Palms • Light application 3 to 4 months after transplanting • Regular fertilization after new growth appears Palms • 2 to 4 pounds of palm fertilizer • 1 to 3 pounds palms under 8’ tall • 4x a year • Broadcast over soil • Some palm specialists prefer spikes Fertilizing Trees Fertilizing tree done for the following reasons • Correct deficiency • Newly established trees • Not when trees are planted • 1 pound of nitrogen per 1000 square feet • Twice a year • 3 years Mycorrhizae Beneficial fungi • Ectomycorrhizae • Spreads through soil • Primarily conifers and oaks • Interconnects forest trees Mycorrhizae Beneficial fungi • Endomycorrhizae • More common • Trees, turf, flowers • Not as extensive