Download These types of viruses have a circular genome. Viruses quickly

1
Created by Boundless
These types of viruses have a circular genome.
A
Hepadnaviridae
B
brome mosaic virus
C
polyomaviruses
D
adenoviruses
2
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Viruses quickly evolve to be able to infect hosts. Hosts are not helpless in this,
many hosts genes evolve quickly to make it harder for viruses to infect cells. Of the
following which host genes do you expect to rapidly evolve?
A
cytoskeleton genes
B
receptor genes
C
histone genes
D
transcription genes
3
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Where are viruses replicated?
A
genome
B
nucleus
C
capsid
D
4
cytoplasm
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The T4 bacteriophage has which of the following characteristics?
A
rod-shaped tail
B
all of these answers
C
DNA genome
D
polygonal head
5
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What technical development aided in the discovery of viruses?
A
Penicillin
B
Light microscope
C
Porcelain filters
D
Electricity
6
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You discover a new virus, it has a very complex shape that is unlike any recorded,
from this you deduce that this virus likely infects ___________.
A
eukaryotes
B
plants
C
fungi
D
archaea
7
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A virus is found to have host cell membranes surrounding it, what morphological
type of virus is it?
A
helical
B
envelope
C
complex
D
prolate
8
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Which of the following describes a correct relationship between the major
components of a virus?
9
A
The capsid encloses the genome of the virus.
B
The envelope encloses the genome of the virus.
C
The genome encloses the capsid of the virus.
D
The capsid encloses the envelope of the virus.
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All of the following are true statements concerning viruses EXCEPT:
A
Vaccination is the only way to control viral diseases.
B
Viruses have evolved to infect nearly all life forms.
C
RNA viruses must protect their genomes from cellular
nucleases.
D
All virus life cycles have the same basic pattern of events.
10
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Which of the following is NOT a virus characteristic used in Baltimore
classification?
A
The type of viral nucleic acid
B
The sense of the viral genome
C
The method of viral replication
D
The disease caused by the virus
11
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Which of the following is an official objective of the International Committee on
Taxonomy of Viruses?
A
To assign virus names by geographic regions
B
To discover new virus species
C
All of these answers
D
To maintain an index of virus names
12
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Which of the following hypotheses proposes that viruses originated from pieces of
more complex organisms?
A
regressive hypothesis
B
alternative hypothesis
C
progressive hypothesis
D
self-replicating hypothesis
13
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Animal inoculation is needed to grow viruses to help understand how to treat viral
infections, what of the following is a drawback of using live animals as viral
incubators?
A
animal immunity interfering with viral growth
B
latent viruses
C
death of host animals
D
all of these answers
14
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You are isolating a particularly lytic virus in batch, where is the virus?
A
all of these answers
B
in the bacteria
C
supernatant
D
cellular debris
15
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Viruses are __________ intracellular parasites that require living cells in order to
replicate.
A
facultative
B
multi-cellular
C
obligate
D
free living
16
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You are working for the World Health Organization, a new virus is found, it is your
job to identify it; the only thing you know about it is that the virus replicates in the
host nucleus. What type of virus is it likely to be?
A
reverse transcribing
B
DNA
C
ssRNA
D
dsRNA
17
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You have a crop of a tomatoes and notice a virus is reducing yields, to combat the
virus you decide to identify the ______________________.
A
Tobacco mosaic virus
B
viral genome
C
vector
D
host cells
18
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Viruses are constantly evolving, which can allow a virus to infect new hosts, this
phenomenon is known as ___________________.
A
host tropism
B
case tropism
C
environmental stimulus D
cell tropism
19
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Which is NOT a basic step in a viral life cycle?
A
attachment
B
replication
C
mutation
D
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penetration
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What occurs during the viral replication step of penetration?
A
Viruses leave the host cell by budding off through the cell
membrane.
B
The host cell dies releasing new viruses.
C
Bacteriophages attach themselves to the outside of the
host cell.
D
Viral genetic material is inserted into the host cell.
21
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Why do some adults develop shingles after they had chicken pox as a child?
A
They have become infected with a new form of the virus.
B
Everyone is born with the shingles virus, but only certain
people develop the disease.
C
The chicken pox virus has mutated into a new disease
within their bodies.
D
The virus reactivated after remaining latent for many years.
22
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Which of the following pieces of evidence contradicts the heterodimer model of
prion replication?
A
Infectious monomeric PrPSc has never been isolated.
B
Prions can be formed by a Protein Misfolding Cyclic
Amplification reaction.
C
Proteins with prion-type behavior can be isolated from
fungi.
D
Prion proteins occur in two forms, PrPC and PrPSc.
23
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All of the following observations support the virion hypothesis of prion diseases
EXCEPT:
A
A virus is associated with scrapie-infected cells growing in
culture.
B
Infectious prions can be generated from recombinant PrP
expressed in bacteria.
C
Prion diseases exhibit strains with distinct biological
properties.
D
A nucleic acid molecule may be bound to PrP.
24
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Hepatitis delta virus contains coat proteins derived from Hepatitis B virus. Which
of the following is the most accurate statement regarding these two viruses?
A
Hepatitis delta is a helper virus for Hepatitis B virus.
B
Hepatitis delta is a satellite virus.
C
Hepatitis B is a helper virus for Hepatitis delta virus.
D
Hepatitis B is a satellite virus.
25
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A researcher working with potato spindle tuber viroid notices that a mutation in its
nucleotide sequence drastically reduces its virulence. Which of the following is the
most likely explanation for this observation?
A
The viroid siRNA no longer basepairs properly with the host
cell’s mRNA.
B
The viroid begins producing an abnormal protein because
of the mutation.
C
The viroid can no longer be replicated efficiently by RNA
polymerase II.
D
The mutation prevents helper viruses from associating with
the viroid.
26
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A new bacteriaphage is discovered, when this new phage infects a host bacteria,
the viral genome can integrate into the host genome, which type of phage has a
similar life cycle?
A
P1
B
lysogen
C
prophage
D
Lambda
27
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E. coli O157:H7 is a strain of bacteria that can infected by T4. A mutant strain of
O157:H7 has a very different cell surface, that T4 can not bind too, what effect
would this probably have on T4 virulence?
A
no effect
B
increase and then decrease
C
increase
D
decrease
28
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Which mechanism of Mu transposition would NOT lead to more copies in the host
genome.
A
genome integration
B
cut and paste
C
genome excision
D
copy and paste
29
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What phenotypic marker is used to differentiate the families of known dsDNA?
30
A
genome homology
B
amino acid sequence
C
tail characteristics
D
head characteristics
Created by Boundless
Which family of ssDNA phages have an envelope?
A
Microviridae
B
Microvirinae
C
Gokushovirinae
D
Inoviridae
31
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The Areopyrum coil-shaped virus has unique features compared to other archaea
infecting viruses, notably a ________________. A
dsDNA genome
B
(-) strand RNA genome
C
ssDNA genome
D
head-tail morphology
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Three strands of dsRNA and lipids in the outer coat are unique attributes of which
genus of phage? A
Cystovirus
B
Leviviridae C
Allolevivirus
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases
D
33
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Which family of bacteriophage is capable of infecting both bacteria and archaea?
A
Cystoviridae
B
Microviridae
C
Tectiviridae
D
Caudovirales
34
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Shortly after infection this type of virus, when compared to other viruses, quickly
starts expressing viral genes.
A
positive-strand viruses
B
ssDNA viruses
C
negative-strand viruses
D
dsDNA viruses
35
Created by Boundless
A new virus is found that does not seem to fuse with host cells, nor does it have a
way to inject its genome into host cells. Which of the following is a probably host
of this virus?
A
human cells
B
plasmodesmata
C
CD4+ T-Cells
D
plants
36
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Which type of viral exit would result in viruses with host cell encoded membranes?
A
budding
B
endocytosis
C
cell lysis
D
exocytosis
37
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Researchers working with positive strand viruses are often more cautious than
when working with other viruses. This is due to the fact that the removal of
___________ does not necessarily stop the infectious nature of positive strand
viruses.
A
negative-sense RNA strand
B
viral polymerases
C
pico genomic region
D
coat proteins
38
Created by Boundless
A cell that has faulty endosome activity would have a direct effect on which of the
following stages of the influenza A replicative cycle?
A
Production of positive-sense vRNA
B
Release of vRNA and core proteins into the cytoplasm
C
Binding to sialic acid sugars
D
Budding of mature viruses from the infected cell
39
Created by Boundless
An influenza A virus with severe mutations in its neuraminidase protein would have
problems with which of the stages of its replicative cycle?
A
Release of new infectious virus
B
Degradation of cellular mRNA
C
Attachment to the surface of host cells
D
Transport of the vRNA to the nucleus
40
Created by Boundless
Upon infection, a negative-strand RNA virus uses a special polymerase to
transcribe its genome into:
A
negative-strand RNA.
B
negative-strand DNA.
C
positive-strand DNA.
D
positive-strand RNA.
41
Created by Boundless
The fusion peptide region of hemagglutinin is activated by which of the following?
A
Lowering the endosomal pH
B
Release of the viral genome
C
Binding to sialic acid
D
Fusion of endosomal and viral membranes
42
Created by Boundless
It is possible the HR1 and HR2 regions of gp41 have no function in T-Cells. If a
chemical could be found that blocks HR1 and HR2 function what implications for
HIV viral attachment and or entry would this have?
43
A
no effect
B
attachment would occur but not entry
C
entry would occur without attachment
D
same attachment but faster entry
Created by Boundless
A person who is infected with HIV may be asymptomatic for years. Especially if the
HIV carrier avoids ____________________.
A
Infections
B
gp41
C
oxidants
D
NF-κB
44
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A region encoded in retroviral genomes, but NOT needed in dsDNA viral genomes
is __________________.
A
5' elements
B
envelope
C
reverse transcriptase
D
gag
45
Created by Boundless
Viruses have very fast mutation rates; a retrovirus has a mutation in its reverse
transcriptase (RT) which leads a complete loss of RT activity. What phase of the
retroviral life will be directly affected?
A
attachment
B
provirus
C
RNA transcription
D
entry
46
Created by Boundless
Which enzyme is unique and essential for the replication of retroviruses in their
hosts? Choose one answer.
A
Reverse transcriptase
B
DNA polymerase
C
RNA polymerase
D
Reverase RNase
47
Created by Boundless
Which HSV envelope protein first binds to the heparan sulfate on the host cell
surface?
A
glycoprotein C
B
herpesvirus entry mediator
C
glycoprotein D
D
glycosaminoglycans
48
Created by Boundless
A person who has been infected with herpes is given a new antiviral drug that is
designed to eradicate the herpes virus. The patient after treatment shows no
herpes symptoms, yet the treating doctor is not excited because herpes is a
_____________.
A
latent virus
lytic virus
B
C
commonly found virus
D
DNA virus
49
Created by Boundless
You find a virus that is able to integrate into a host genome, however the virus has
no genes which encode an integrase, what type of virus could it be?
A
all of these answers
B
Avihepadnavirus
C
Orthohepadnavirus
D
Hepadnavirus
50
Created by Boundless
Poxviruses temporally control gene expression, what would you expect would be
the last genes expressed?
51
A
RNA synthesis proteins
B
vaccinia related proteins
C
structural assemby proteins
D
DNA sysnthesis proteins
Created by Boundless
Which of the following is a strategy used by our body or science to avoid a viral
infection?
A
vaccines
B
interferons
C
all of these answers
D
anti-viral drugs
52
Created by Boundless
Which is NOT a characteristic of adenoviruses?
A
non-eveloped
B
circular genome
C
linear genome
D
dsDNA genome
53
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Herpes simplex viruses can replicate in non-diving cells, as this virus sometimes
encodes which of the following?
A
nuclear membrane
B
thymidine kinase
C
RNA polymerase
D
DNA polymerase
54
Created by Boundless
You discover a new plant virus, it has a huge (for a virus) genome of 560kb, what
other characteristic would you expect of this virus?
A
infects higher plants
B
ssDNA genome
C
infects lower plants
D
found in dry environment
55
Created by Boundless
It is often debated if viruses are a form of life or not, one argument against viruses
being life is, viral dependence on host cells for most of the proteins needed for
viral replication. Which of the following viruses argue that viruses are alive?
A
adenoviruses
B
herpesviruses
C
polyomaviruses
D
poxviruses
56
Created by Boundless
Mary Doe would like to travel to her family reunion in Konstanz. Her brother lives in
Germany, and Mary has not yet met her brother's grandchildren. However, Mary
has shingles, and the blisters are itchy. Should she travel to the family reunion?
Why, or why not? Choose one answer.
A
No, she should not travel. She can infect people; infected
people will get the chickenpox or shingles.
B
No, she should not travel. She can infect people; infected
people will get chickenpox
C
Yes, she can travel. She is not contagious.
D
No, she should not travel. She can infect people; infected
people will get the shingles
57
Created by Boundless
Which of the following problems is associated with immunodeficiency?
A
inability of red blood cells to properly circulate
B
inability of hair follicles to grow properly
C
inability of the immune system to combat infections
D
inability of the blood-brain barrier to properly control
osmotic pressure
58
Created by Boundless
Regardless of whether or not an oncogenic virus is RNA or DNA, what is one
almost uniform aspect of both RNA and DNA viruses that cause cancer?
59
A
integrate into host genome
B
are all types of hepatitis C
all have single stranded genomes
D
all cause the same type of cancer
Created by Boundless
A DNA tumor virus has infected a cell that is permissive, what part of the viral
genome would expect to be expressed?
A
parts need for lysis alone
B
parts needed for viral replication alone
C
parts needed for viral packaging alone
D
all of the genome
60
Created by Boundless
Most viral infections do not cause cancer, however of all cancers what percentage
are estimated to be caused by viruses?
A
50-55%
B
30-35%
C
0-5%
D
15%-20%
61
Created by Boundless
One consistent theme of metagenomics is that the diversity of life is more
immense than previously thought. Work suggests that there may be up to
1050species of bacteria on earth; if true how many bacteriophage species would
you expect there to be?
A
1050
B
1031
C
10100
D
1051
62
Created by Boundless
Antigenic shift implies that a host cell is infected with ___________ viruses.
A
less than two
B
swine
C
visna
D
two or more