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Religious Conflicts • Religion can be a powerful force in warfare by reinforcing ethnicity in making a conflict more intractable and cruel • Not usually the only reason for conflict, but frequently plays a pivotal role (i.e., ShiaSunni conflict) – Share fundamental beliefs/practices – Difference originally political, involving who should lead after Muhammad’s death Religious Conflicts • Despite religious conflicts, many similarities exist between Christianity, Judaism, and Islam… – Are monotheistic (believe in one god) – Descendents of Abraham – Accept concept of sin, the value of prayer, and necessity of repentance – Find meaning in life through deep, personal relationship with God “The problem to be faced is how to combine loyalty to one’s own tradition with reverence for different traditions.” – Abraham Joshua Heschel Religious Conflicts • How has religion become the crucible for violence? – Belief of belonging to a chosen people – Belief in aggressive missionarism – Religion as symbolic structure of conflict • Religion can become the invoked ideology or “social cleavage along which other struggles become mapped” – Example: Sunni-Shia conflict in Iraq—Political Religionstruggle may be the for the expression of deeply and widely orvehicle spiritual?? • Religion and war – 1745 wars have taken place in human history (The Encyclopedia of Wars) – Over 420 - religious in nature – Christianity and Islam have been involved in over 85% of the religious wars. Ares, God of War (ancient Greece) Mars (ancient Rome) Year 312 CE: Roman Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity Year 988: Russia is converted to Christianity: destruction of pagan gods 8th century: the Arab conquest 11th century: the First Crusade Muslims vs. Crusaders, 12th century 1099: Capture of Jerusalem in the First Crusade 1204: Crusaders take Constantinople 1572: On St. Bartholomew’s Day, French Protestants kill Catholics Taliban Versus West • Taliban in Afghanistan-1996- welcomed by citizens and Western MDCs. • Religious fundamentalists – – – – – – Shave beard?- beating Adultery?- Stoning Homosexual?-buried alive Prostitute?- public lynching Thief- Hands cut off Painted nails? Fingers cut off Taliban… • No music playing, kites, TV, Internetsoccer stadiums became public torture arenas • Blew up Buddha statues dated 2nd century A.D. • Supported by CIA right up to 9/11 • Female suicides up under Taliban regime 2014: ISIS executing Iraqi tribesmen Wall • US consulting Israel about barrier to be used along US-Mexican border Palestine