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Name: ________________________________ Date: __________________________ Period: ______ Hammurabi ___/50 Directions: (1) Use context clues, your background knowledge, the word bank, and the process of elimination to fill in the blanks below. (2) Answer the questions as they occur. (3) Complete the flow map below to make clear what happened after “Hammurabi inherited power from his father...” Use the underlined verbs and verb phrases as a guide. (4) Write a one paragraph summary of this reading. WORD BANK Assyria glimpse peaceful alliance northward inherited Hammurabi (1) _______________ power from his father, Sin-Muballit, in about 1792 B.C. He ruled in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) from about 1894 to 1595 B.C. Hammurabi was the sixth king in the Babylonian dynasty. At the beginning of his reign Babylon was overshadowed by older, larger, and more powerful Mesopotamian kingdoms. During Hammurabi’s first few (2) _______________ decades as Babylon’s king he undertook a series of public works, including heightening the city’s walls and expanding its temples. Vast numbers of contract tablets dated to the reign of Hammurabi and his successors have been discovered, as well as fifty-five of his own letters. These letters give a (3) _______________ into the daily trials of ruling an empire, from dealing with floods and making changes to a flawed calendar, to taking care of Babylon’s massive herds of livestock. In about 1801 B.C., the powerful kingdom of Elam tried to start a war between Babylon and the kingdom of Larsa. Hammurabi and the king of Larsa made an (4) _______________ and crushed the Elamites, but Larsa did not contribute greatly to the military effort. Angered by Larsa’s failure to come to his aid, Hammurabi turned his army toward that kingdom. By about 1763 B.C. Hammurabi had control of the entire lower Mesopotamian plain. He next turned his attention (5) _______________ and conquered the states there. Hammurabi’s final military conquest came in the form of a protracted war with Assyria. After the death of the Assyrian king Shamshi-Adad I, other minor states joined Hammurabi and helped him to gain the upper hand. The king of (6) _______________ was forced to pay tribute to Hammurabi, but Babylon never ruled Assyria directly. In just a few years, Hammurabi had succeeded in uniting all of Mesopotamia under his rule. 7-8 What does Hammurabi’s attack on Larsa suggest about his personality? Explain. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 1 WORD BANK freedman Babylon stability cuneiform successors accused value slab hand Late in his reign, Hammurabi sought to bring (9) _______________ to his empire. He created a code of 282 edicts, or laws; what we now call the Code of Hammurabi. Stele were erected in the cities of Hammurabi’s empire. They informed his subjects and travelers of the law so that they could be held accountable for their behavior. The stele at left was carved from a four-ton (10) _______________ of diorite. The carving at its top shows Hammurabi receiving the law from Shamash, the Babylonian god of justice. The rest of the sevenfoot, five-inch monument is covered with columns of chiseled (11) _______________ script. The text of Hammurabi’s Code is less a proclamation of principles than a collection of legal precedents. The code includes many harsh punishments, sometimes demanding the removal of the guilty party’s tongue, (12) _______________, breasts, eye, or ear. It also includes prose that celebrates Hammurabi’s just and pious rule. The edicts are all written in if-then form. For example, if a man steals an ox, he must pay back thirty times its (13) _______________. The code addresses a range of legal issues, from family law to professional contracts and administrative law. It often outlines different standards of justice for the three classes of Babylonian society - the propertied class, freedmen, and slaves. A doctor’s fee for curing a severe wound would be ten silver shekels for a gentleman, five shekels for a (14) _______________ and two shekels for a slave. Penalties for malpractice followed the same scheme: a doctor who killed a rich patient would have his hands cut off, while only financial restitution was required if the victim was a slave. Hammurabi’s Code provides some of the earliest examples of the doctrine of “An eye for an eye.” Importantly, it is also one of the earliest examples of the idea that people who are (15) _______________ should be considered innocent until proven guilty. 16 Make an argument explaining why the harsh punishments required by the Code of Hammurabi might be justified. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ When Hammurabi died in about 1750 B.C., his less capable (17) _______________ met with defeats and loss of territory at the hands of Assyrian kings from the north, the Sealand Dynasty to the south, Elam to the east, and the Kassites from the northeast. Babylon was quickly reduced to the small and minor state it had been upon its founding. In 1595 B.C. Babylon was sacked and conquered by the powerful Hittite Empire. The Hittites did not remain in Babylon. Instead, they left (18) _______________ to be ruled by their Kassite allies for over four hundred years. The Kassites adopted parts of Babylonian culture, including Hammurabi’s code of laws. 2 WORD BANK Testament translated lawgiver excavate In 1901 Jacques de Morgan, a French mining engineer, led an archaeological expedition to Persia to (19) _______________ the Elamite capital of Susa, more than two hundred miles from the center of Hammurabi’s kingdom. There they uncovered the diorite stela - broken into three pieces. It had been brought to Susa as spoils of war, likely by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte in the midTwelfth century B.C. The stela was packed up and shipped to the Louvre in Paris, and within a year it had been (20) _______________ and widely publicized as the earliest example of a written legal code - one that predated but bore striking parallels to the laws outlined in the Hebrew Old (21) _______________. When the U.S. Supreme Court Building opened in 1935 it featured Hammurabi on a marble bas relief along the south wall of its courtroom. Although other subsequently-discovered Mesopotamian laws predate Hammurabi’s by hundreds of years, Hammurabi’s reputation remains as a pioneering (22) _______________ who worked - in the words of his monument - “to prevent the strong from oppressing the weak and to see that justice is done to widows and orphans.” 23 What is the main idea of the paragraph above? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Directions: Complete the flow map below to make clear what happened after “Hammurabi inherited power from his father...” Use the underlined verbs and verb phrases as a guide. Be sure to keep your events in chronological order. Hammurabi inherited power from his father...” 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 Directions: Summarize this reading in one full paragraph. Your paragraph must include four sentences and most of the key events from the flow map above. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Reviewer’s Directions: Review the paragraph above. Score each skill area by circling the appropriate number. Use the notes section to further explain your assessment. Sign your review legibly. PTS IDEAS AND CONTENT 5 fully accomplished task 4+ subject-specific facts PTS ORGANIZATION PTS READABILITY 5 exceptional word usage exceptional writing technique effective tone and voice 5 4 accomplished task at least 3 subject-specific facts 4 4 very good word usage very good writing technique effective tone and voice 3 minimally accomplished task at least 2 subject-specific facts 3 attempted to organize ideas logically 3 2 partially accomplished task at least 1 subject-specific fact 2 minimally attempted to organize ideas logically 2 ordinary word usage attempted to adjust tone and voice to audience 1 failed to accomplish task no subject-specific facts 1 failed to organize or organized illogically 1 less than minimal word usage and writing technique inappropriate tone and voice organized ideas logically organized ideas logically attempted to adjust tone and voice to audience LANGUAGE CONVENTIONS PTS very few or no errors in capitalization, punctuation, spelling, or word usage/very few or no run-on sentences and/or sentence fragments/no errors that impair the flow of communication - errors are infrequent 5 PTS occasional errors in capitalization, punctuation, spelling, grammar, or word usage/may have run-on sentences, sentence fragments/errors do not impede communication; the writer’s message is not seriously obscured 4 PTS frequent errors in capitalization, punctuation, spelling, grammar, or word usage/run-on sentences and/or sentence fragments/errors cause the reader to stop and re-read parts of the writing - errors impair communication 3 PTS many errors in capitalization, punctuation, spelling, grammar, or word usage/run-on sentences and/or sentence fragments/errors are serious and numerous, causing the reader to struggle to discern meaning 2 PTS many errors in capitalization, punctuation, spelling, grammar, or word usage/errors are serious, numerous, and of a wide variety - it is impossible to ascertain what the writer wants to communicate 1 PTS NOTES: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ REVIEWER’S NAME: ______________________________________ 4 5