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Relational Database Concepts IBM Information Management Cloud Computing Center of Competence IBM Canada Labs 1 © 2011 IBM Corporation Agenda • Overview • Information and Data Models • The relational model • Entity-Relationship diagrams • Types of relationships • Mapping entities to tables • Relational model concepts • Relational model constraints • Normalization 2 © 2011 IBM Corporation Supporting reading material & videos • Reading materials • Database Fundamentals eBook • • • • Chapter 1: Databases and information models Chapter 2: The relational data model Chapter 3: The conceptual data model (optional) Chapter 4: Relational database design (optional) • Videos • db2university.com course AA001EN • Lesson 1: Relational database concepts 3 © 2011 IBM Corporation Agenda • Overview • Information and Data Models • The relational model • Entity-Relationship diagrams • Types of relationships • Mapping entities to tables • Relational model concepts • Relational model constraints • Normalization 4 © 2011 IBM Corporation Data vs. Information • Data: Collection of letters, numbers or facts • Information: Processed data that provides value 5 © 2011 IBM Corporation Databases and DBMS • Databases • A repository of data • DBMS (Database management system) • Software system that manages databases • The terms “Database”, “DBMS”, “data server”, “database server” often used interchangeably to refer to a DBMS • Why a DBMS? • Security • Can handle many users with good performance • Allows for concurrency while keeping data consistent • Protects from disaster 6 © 2011 IBM Corporation Agenda • Overview • Information and Data Models • The relational model • Entity-Relationship diagrams • Types of relationships • Mapping entities to tables • Relational model concepts • Relational model constraints • Normalization 7 © 2011 IBM Corporation Information and Data Models Relationship between an Information Model and a Data Model 8 © 2011 IBM Corporation Data Models • Network • Semantic • Hierarchical • Object-oriented • Relational • Object-relational • Entity-Relationship • Semi-structured • Extended relational 9 © 2011 IBM Corporation Agenda • Overview • Information and Data Models • The relational model • Entity-Relationship diagrams • Types of relationships • Mapping entities to tables • Relational model concepts • Relational model constraints • Normalization 10 © 2011 IBM Corporation Relational Model 11 © 2011 IBM Corporation Entity-Relationship Diagrams • Building Blocks 12 • Entities Entity • Attributes Attribute © 2011 IBM Corporation Entity and Attributes 13 © 2011 IBM Corporation ER diagram Title Description Aisle Editon Book Year Pages ISBN 14 Price © 2011 IBM Corporation Exercise: Identify entities and attributes House Phone # Social Security Number Computer Product Date Height 15 Order # © 2011 IBM Corporation Did you get them right? House Phone # Social Security Number Computer Product Date Height 16 Order # © 2011 IBM Corporation Agenda • Overview • Entity-relationship diagrams • The relational model • Entity-Relationship diagrams • Types of relationships • Mapping entities to tables • Relational model concepts • Relational model constraints • Normalization 17 © 2011 IBM Corporation Relationships • Building Blocks – Entity sets – Relationship sets – Crows Foot notations 18 © 2011 IBM Corporation ERD of Book Title Description Aisle Editon Book Year Pages ISBN 19 Price © 2011 IBM Corporation ERD of Author Lastname Author_Id Author Country City 20 Firstname Email © 2011 IBM Corporation Example 1 21 © 2011 IBM Corporation Example 2 22 © 2011 IBM Corporation Types of Relationships Book Authored By Author One-to-one Relationship 23 © 2011 IBM Corporation Types of Relationships (Continued) Book Authored By Author One-to-many Relationships 24 © 2011 IBM Corporation Types of Relationships (Continued) Book Authored By Author Many-to-many Relationships 25 © 2011 IBM Corporation Agenda • Overview • Entity-relationship diagrams • The relational model • Entity-Relationship diagrams • Types of relationships • Mapping entities to tables • Relational model concepts • Relational model constraints • Normalization 26 © 2011 IBM Corporation ERD revisited Title Description Aisle Editon Book Year Pages ISBN 27 Price © 2011 IBM Corporation Mapping entity to a table Entity Book Description Aisle Pages Table Title Editon Attributes ISBN Year Price Columns 28 © 2011 IBM Corporation Mapping entity to a table (Continued) Table: Book Title Edition Year Price ISBN Database Fundamentals 1 2010 24.99 978-0- 300 98662 83-1-1 DBA02 Teaches you the fundamentals of databases Getting started 1 with DB2 Express-C 2010 24.99 978-0- 280 98662 83-5-1 DBA01 Teaches you the essentials of DB2 using DB2 ExpressC, the free version of DB2 29 Pages Aisle Description © 2011 IBM Corporation Mapping entity to a table (Continued) Table: Author Author_ID Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul [email protected] Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav [email protected] Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian [email protected] Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj [email protected] Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu [email protected] Transilva RO nia 30 © 2011 IBM Corporation Agenda • Overview • Entity-relationship diagrams • The relational model • Entity-Relationship diagrams • Types of relationships • Mapping entities to tables • Relational model concepts • Relational model constraints • Normalization 31 © 2011 IBM Corporation Relational Model Concepts Dr. E.F. Codd of IBM in 1970: “A Relational Model for Large Shared Data Banks” • Building Blocks • Relation • Sets 32 © 2011 IBM Corporation A Relational Database • Relational Database • Relation • Relation Schema • Relation Instance 33 © 2011 IBM Corporation A Relation AUTHOR(Author_ID: char, lastname: varchar, firstname: varchar, email: varchar, city: varchar, country: char) Relation Instance DEGREE=6 CARDINALITY=5 TUPLES Relation Schema ATTRIBUTES Author_ ID Lastname Firstna me Email City Country A1 Chong Raul [email protected] Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav [email protected] Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian [email protected] Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj [email protected] Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu [email protected] Transilvania RO A DOMAIN is the set of all possible values for a specific attribute 34 © 2011 IBM Corporation Agenda • Overview • Entity-relationship diagrams • The relational model • Entity-Relationship diagrams • Types of relationships • Mapping entities to tables • Relational model concepts • Relational model constraints • Normalization 35 © 2011 IBM Corporation Relational Model Constraints Business Rules Book Authored By Author Referencing Data Integrity 36 © 2011 IBM Corporation ERD representation of a Relational Data Model Primary Key Parent Table Dependant Table 37 Foreign Key © 2011 IBM Corporation Constraints • Entity Integrity Constraint • Referential Integrity Constraint • Semantic Integrity Constraint • Domain Constraint • Null Constraint • Check Constraint 38 © 2011 IBM Corporation Entity Integrity Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID [PK] Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul [email protected] Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav [email protected] Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian [email protected] Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj [email protected] Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu [email protected] Transilvania RO 39 © 2011 IBM Corporation Entity Integrity Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID [PK] Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul [email protected] Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav [email protected] Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian [email protected] Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj [email protected] Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu [email protected] Transilvania RO 40 © 2011 IBM Corporation Entity Integrity Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID [PK] Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 NULL Chong Raul [email protected] Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav [email protected] Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian [email protected] Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj [email protected] Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu [email protected] Transilvania RO 41 © 2011 IBM Corporation Entity Integrity Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID [PK] Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 NULL Chong Raul [email protected] Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav [email protected] Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian [email protected] Toronto CA A4 NULL Sharma Neeraj [email protected] Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu [email protected] Transilvania RO 42 © 2011 IBM Corporation Referential Integrity Constraint Book Authored By Author Referencing 43 © 2011 IBM Corporation Semantic Integrity Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID [PK] Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul [email protected] Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav [email protected] Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian [email protected] Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj [email protected] Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu [email protected] Transilvania RO 44 © 2011 IBM Corporation Semantic Integrity Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID [PK] Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul [email protected] Toronto 12(*)&^23 CA A2 Ahuja Rav [email protected] Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian [email protected] Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj [email protected] Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu [email protected] Transilvania RO 45 © 2011 IBM Corporation Domain Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul [email protected] Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav [email protected] Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian [email protected] Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj [email protected] Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu [email protected] Transilvania RO 46 © 2011 IBM Corporation Domain Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul [email protected] Toronto CA 34 A2 Ahuja Rav [email protected] Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian [email protected] Toronto CA 34 A4 Sharma Neeraj [email protected] Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu [email protected] Transilvania RO 47 34 © 2011 IBM Corporation NULL Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul [email protected] Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav [email protected] Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian [email protected] Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj [email protected] Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu [email protected] Transilvania RO 48 © 2011 IBM Corporation NULL Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul NULL [email protected] Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav [email protected] Toronto CA A3 Hakes NULL Ian [email protected] Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj [email protected] Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu [email protected] Transilvania RO 49 © 2011 IBM Corporation Check Constraint BOOK Title Edition Year Price ISBN Database Fundamentals 1 2010 24.99 978-0- 300 98662 83-1-1 DBA02 Teaches you the fundamentals of databases Getting started 1 with DB2 Express-C 2010 24.99 978-0- 280 98662 83-5-1 DBA01 Teaches you the essentials of DB2 using DB2 ExpressC, the free version of DB2 50 Pages Aisle Description © 2011 IBM Corporation Check Constraint BOOK Title Edition Year Price ISBN Database Fundamentals 1 2010 24.99 978-0- 300 98662 83-1-1 DBA02 Teaches you the fundamentals of databases 2010 2015 24.99 978-0- 280 98662 83-5-1 DBA01 Teaches you the essentials of DB2 using DB2 ExpressC, the free version of DB2 Getting started 1 with DB2 Express-C 51 Pages Aisle Description © 2011 IBM Corporation Agenda • Overview • Entity-relationship diagrams • The relational model • Entity-Relationship diagrams • Types of relationships • Mapping entities to tables • Relational model concepts • Relational model constraints • Normalization 52 © 2011 IBM Corporation Normalization ■ Process in database design to remove redundancies ■ Example: Consider the following table listing all the tasks of an employee: Problem: If John moves to a new city, all entries related to John must be updated 53 © 2011 IBM Corporation Normalization (continued) No redundancy, no anomalies, no loss of information 54 © 2011 IBM Corporation Thank you! 55 © 2011 IBM Corporation
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