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3/5/2017 Command and Control Center Nervous systems consist of neurons and supporting cells The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons, organized into circuits more complex than the most powerful supercomputers Powerful imaging techniques allow researchers to monitor multiple areas of the brain while the subject performs various tasks A recent advance uses expression of combinations of colored proteins in brain cells, a technique called “brainbow” © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 49.2 Glia Eyespot Nerve net (a) Hydra (cnidarian) Brain Brain Nerve cords Radial nerve Nerve ring Ventral nerve cord Transverse nerve (b) Sea star (echinoderm) Segmental ganglia (c) Planarian (flatworm) (d) Leech (annelid) astrocytes Brain Ganglia Brain Ventral nerve cord Anterior nerve ring Spinal cord (dorsal nerve cord) Brain Ganglia Segmental ganglia Glial cells, or glia Sensory ganglia Longitudinal nerve cords (e) Insect (arthropod) (f) Chiton (mollusc) (g) Squid (mollusc) (h) Salamander (vertebrate) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 49.3 Organization of the Vertebrate Nervous System Capillary CNS Neuron PNS VENTRICLE Cilia Ependymal cells © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Schwann cells © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 3/5/2017 Figure 49.5 The brain and spinal cord contain Gray matter Gray matter White matter White matter Ventricles © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 49.6 Figure 49.7 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Cell body of sensory neuron in dorsal root ganglion Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Gray matter White matter Quadriceps muscle Spinal cord (cross section) Spinal nerves Hamstring muscle Key Sensory neuron Motor neuron Interneuron © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 49.8 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (information processing) The Peripheral Nervous System PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Efferent neurons Afferent neurons Sensory receptors Autonomic nervous system Motor system Control of skeletal muscle Internal and external stimuli Sympathetic Parasympathetic division division Enteric division Control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 3/5/2017 motor system sympathetic division autonomic nervous system parasympathetic division © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 49.9 Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division Dilates pupil of eye Constricts pupil of eye Inhibits salivary gland secretion Stimulates salivary gland secretion Constricts bronchi in lungs Cervical Sympathetic ganglia Relaxes bronchi in lungs Slows heart Accelerates heart Stimulates activity of stomach and intestines Inhibits activity of stomach and intestines Thoracic Stimulates activity of pancreas Inhibits activity of pancreas Stimulates gallbladder Stimulates glucose release from liver; inhibits gallbladder Lumbar Stimulates adrenal medulla Promotes emptying of bladder Promotes erection of genitalia Inhibits emptying of bladder Sacral Synapse Promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3