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River Valley Civilizations: Egypt, Mesopotamia and other Ancient Middle East civs AP World History Notes Mr. G. The Neolithic Age §“___________________________________” “____________________________” Age §10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE §After Adam and Eve or after Noah? Or during? § Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle settled, stationery lifestyle. Hunting/Gathering ______________________________ production and _____________________________________of animals. The Agricultural Revolution §8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE § Agriculture developed independently in parts of the world. Ø ___________________________________Farming-Environmental interaction Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places? Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers? Early Settled Communities Growing __________________on a regular basis led to a ___________________________________which then made possible the support of _______________________________________ _________________________________, settled communities emerged § 9,000 BCE Earliest Agricultural Settlement at ___________________( northern Iraq ) wheat What role did the food supply play in shaping the nomadic life of huntergatherers and the settled life of the farmers? Ancient Mesopotamia 1. Mesopotamia: "Land Between the Two Rivers" The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area- _______________________civilization The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization” The Sumerians * _______________________-Great civilization began in Mesopotamia by ________________________ •___________________________________ system of writing •__________________________ Temples •Organized political structure-______________________________ •Social hierarchy-kings, nobles, priests, and slaves •______________________________ family structure •Invention of _________________________-reduced time to transport trade goods-useful for __________________________ •Silver as a means of exchange •First to use fertilizers ___________________________________ •Taken over by the Akkadians Sumerian Religion – _______________________________________(worship of many gods) _______________________________: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing •Written on ________________________ •Developed by the Sumerians •Writing and reading it were ____________________________-few had time to learn it •used to mark boundaries, set down laws, treaties and customs •Many examples of this writing survive to the present day •Spread over the ________________________________ Epic of ________________________________ • __________________________piece of literature of the Sumerians •Complied during the days of the Babylonian Empire after 2000 BC •Explored themes of friendship,relationships between humans and gods and meaning of life and death •_____________________ Story ____________________________at Ur §Temple built for their many gods (polytheistic) § “Mountain of the Gods” §__________________________________ architecture §Was the tower of Babel an early Ziggurat? _________________________of Akkad: The World’s First Empire [Akkadians-came after the Summerians] Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Code •The most complete Mesopotamian ________________________ •Set up system of governance and taxation •Step towards our modern legal codes •Contained 2 major principles” 1. “_________________________” law of retaliation also known today as “______________________________” 2. “__________________________”- law applied to everyone The Ancient Egyptians A View of Egypt by Satellite Early Influences on the Development of Ancient Egyptian Civilization________________________________________: •Ethiopians- grain cultivation and the __________________language •Sudanese- watermelons, gourds, ____________________________of __________________and donkeys •Mesopotamia-wheat and Barley _________________________________ The Fertile Nile Valley Greek Historian Herodotus Labeled Egypt “_________________________of the_______________” The Annual Flooding of the Nile each spring Important-why? Because when the waters receded it left behind a layer of rich, fertile deposits of muck which supported a very productive agricultural economy in the Nile River Valley Egyptian Social Hierarchy •A ___________________________________ruled by the _______________________ •Claimed to be gods on earth-incarnate of Horus, the sky god, later Amon, the sun god (son of the sun) •Power was the greatest during the Archaic Period (3100-2660 BC) and during the New Kingdom (1550-1070 BC) •Legacy-__________________________ at Giza Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” 1. 2. 3. The Ancient Hebrews (Israel) Abraham’s Journey from Ur Canaan The “______________________________________” Yahweh’s (God’s) “_________________________” With His People § The first 5 books of the Bible. §The most sacred/holiest text in the Jewish religious tradition. §Jews were ______________________________________(belief in 1 God)-strong influence on the Jewish people Moses and the ________________________________________ A new “covenant” with _________________________ Solomon’s Temple Wall: The _____________________________________________ Babylonians and Persians _______________________the Great § A_______________________ ruler he allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions. § The Greeks called him a “__________________________.” § _________________________ §The Jews called him “the _________________________of the Lord.” (In 537,he allowed over 40,000 to return to Palestine). The Hittites & the Beginning of the Iron Age _____________________Empire-important b/c they were 1st who learned to _______________________in their ___________________________ The Assyrian Empire •Took over Hittite lands •Learned to use iron •________________________ was the capital •Vast empire-cruel and terrorized their enemies •Sent large groups of _________________into exile The Phoenicians: Transmitters of Civilizations Phoenician City of Byblos: “Home of the__________________________” __________________________: Phoenicia’s Mightiest Colony