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From Synchronized Clocks
to Integrable Networks
Sensor Network Research at the
Austrian Academy of Sciences
Thilo Sauter
Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Status
• Start in April 2004
– One of 60 research entities of the Austrian Academy of
Sciences
– Funded by Austrian National Bank and the province of Lower
Austria
• 28 researchers in an international team
– Austria, Germany, Russia, Pakistan, Italy, Serbia, China
• Intensive cooperation with Vienna University of Technology
– Technology support
• Part of “Technopol” Wiener Neustadt
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Research institutes and companies working in
Surface technology
Electrochemistry
Tribology
Microsystems
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Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Integration – Our Mission
• Functional integration
– Signal conditioning and processing
– Self diagnosis capabilities and adaptability
– Sensor fusion
• System integration
– Horizontal and vertical communication
– Distributed sensor networks
– Networked embedded systems
• Circuit integration
– Miniaturization
– EMC and energy consumption optimization
• Expert integration
– Inclusion of all relevant competencies from the beginning on
– Co-operation with external partners to complement own
technology and application know-how
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Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Areas of Expertise
Circuit
Design
Sensors
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Modelling
Communication
Basis for integrative, system-oriented solutions
Focus on system design
Open for cooperations
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Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Operative Approach
• Multi-disciplinary combination of traditionally
separated know-how areas
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Sensor technology
Microelectronics, integrated circuit design
Embedded systems
Algorithm design, software engineering
Network and communication technology
• Basis for integrative, system-oriented solutions
• Focus on system design
– “Closed-loop” (active) sensor principles
– Robustness
– Transducers, controller structures, and networks optimized for
system integration
– System modelling and simulation (analytical, numerical)
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Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Research Focus and Expertise
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Resonant and inertial sensors
– Viscosity measurement
– Magnetic field measurement
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Miniaturized thermal sensors
– Flow measurement
– Thermal conductivity measurement
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Capacitive sensors
Smart sensor system architectures
– Modular FPGA-based system-on-chip
architectures
– Signal processing for smart sensors
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Clock synchronization in sensor
networks
– Hard- and software support
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Security aspects
Vertical integration
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Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Clock Synchronization … or how to bring real time
into real-time networks…
• Goals
– Give all distributed nodes in a network a consistent notion of
time
– Make synchronization as accurate as possible
• Applications
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Distributed measurement systems
Distributed control systems
Reliable data transmission
Secure data transmission
Network access
Master
Slave
1  
M
2
T
T1S
Delay Request T S
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• Approach
– Measurement of network delays
– Minimization of jitter
– Time stamping of data packets
on lowest possible layer
– IEEE 1588 as common standard
T3M
Delay Response
Master Time
2  
T3S
T4S
Slave Time
Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Accuracy
• Hardware-assisted time stamping at MAC level
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High-resolution adder-based clock
FPGA-based evaluation platforms for NIC and switch
10/100/1000 Base-T support
World record: sub-ns synchronization accuracy
Implementation in standard µP: HyNet
PTP
other
UDP
Jitter
IP
Sync. Driver
Device Driver
MAC
CSC
Switch Fabric
MAC
MIIS
PHY
CSC
MAC
MIIS
PHY
PHY
Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Robustness
• Deficiencies of IEEE 1588
– Master is single point of failure
– Long switch-over times
• New approach: Master Group
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Democratic group of nodes
Fault tolerant
Some nodes with GPS
Backup nodes
• IEEE1588 Slaves
– Synchronized standard compliant
– Less traffic between Master
Group speaker and slaves
(compared to pure democratic
approaches)
• Part of new version of standard
Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Security
• No security measures considered in IEEE 1588
– Typical for automation networks…
• Security introduces jitter
• Ressource limited devices
• Handling of intermediate nodes
– Switches, transparent clocks
– mixed secure and insecure
• Approach
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Vulnerability analysis
Definition of parameters
Minimum sync cycles
Limited set of messages
Implementation
First published results
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Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Methodology
• Prototyping
– Only reasonable for
a few nodes
– Cost intensive
– Nevertheless needed
for proof of concept
• Simulation
– Large number of
nodes can be
investigated
– High-precision clock
synchronization
requires adequate
(very fine grained)
simulation models
– Computational expensive
Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Position Determination in Wireless Networks
• Project running since May 2007
• Goal: find the position of a (unmodified) node in a WLAN
network
• Applications: Sensor Localization, Security, new Services
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Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Method for Localization
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Inverse GPS principle
– Works with mobile COTS
devices
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Methodology
– Delta measurements
– Smart Timing Repeaters
are clock synchronized
– 3 ns accuracy
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• FP7 Project FlexWARE – Flexible Wireless Automation in
Real-Time Environments
• QoS across network borders
– Deterministic behavior
– Timing
guarantees
Path A
Exte
ns
om
ible d
ains
Production goods
on cart
• Scalability
Alternate
– Dynamic growth
Path B
– Bandwidth
Zone of uncertain
connection
transparency
Coverage
Area A
Coverage
Area B
Control
Loop
– Positioning
– Interruption free
Wireless temperature
sensor
J
• Flexible paths
and roaming
Inter
a
wired ction bet
ween
- and
( ro
wirele
ss do aming)
main
s
Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Scalability and QoS in Mixed Wired/Wireless
Networks
Real Time
Backbone
Network
Valve Controlle
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• Network Management
Position
Middleware
ÎEEE1451
Interfaces
Flex
Native I/O
Interfaces
WARE Communication
Middleware
Resource Management
Communication Protocol Stack*
MAC*
Physical Layer
Technology independent
Middleware
– Deterministic cyclic
exchange due to
synchronized timeslots
– Seamless roaming and
handover
– Execution time
– Context-aware reaction
Application Server
A
Communication
Technology dependencies
• Safety and Security
Sensors, Actuators,
Process Interfaces
Virtual Clock
Synchronization
– Reservation of real-time
bandwidth
– Access lists
– Inter-controller
communication
– Prescheduled roaming
Time
Stamping
Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Scalability and QoS in Mixed Wired/Wireless
Networks
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Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Integrable Networks – Why?
• Interconnection with application - Vertical
Integration
– Different resource capabilities
(energy, execution time,...)
– Different notion of “real-time”
(layer-specific, just-in-time)
– Interconnecting wired and wireless
domains
– Scalable protocols
(network size and platform)
n=0
Integrated Sensor
n=1
ADC
µC
Kv
NCO
n(t)
n=8
c (  n s )
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• Challenges
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Low resources of sensor devices
Extensibility and scalability
Long-time deployment
(Security) management
Costs
Management and configuration
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d
dt
Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Flexible Integration
• Autonomous software agents
– Handling of distributed systems (MES)
– Agent system design
– Definition and implementation of security strategy
• Resource-efficient agent platform for sensor (like)
systems
ERP
ERP
ERP
Communication via Web Services
MES
ProductData
Data
Product
Repository
Repository
OrderAgent
Agent
Order
Supervisor
Supervisor
Order
Order
Agent
Agent
Order
Order
Agent
Agent
Order
Order
Agent
Agent
Order
Order
Agent
Agent
Information
Information
Collector
Collector
ResourceAgent
Agent
Resource
Supervisor
Supervisor
AbilityBroker
Broker
Ability
Communication
via ACL
Resource
Resource
Agent
Agent
Resource
Resource
Agent
Agent
Resource
Resource
Resource
Resource
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Field control
Agent Runtime Environment for RFIT
Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Framework
• Scalable solution
• FIPA compliant
communication
CAgent
Behav. 2
Behav. 1
– Advanced message
handling
– Parallel behavior
execution
MTS
and
ACC
TCPQueue
TCPServer
• Highly optimized for
resource-limited hardware
200000
...
Behav. n
TCPQueue
Message
Templates
Receiver/
Decoder
JADE-LEAP
TCP-
Sender/
Encoder
Server
FIPA-API X-Board
150000
µs
JADE
HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
TCPQueue
FIPA-API PC
HTTP
100000
FIPA-compliant Agent
50000
0
1
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Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Future Challenges
•
Scalable communication
protocols
– Comprehensive protocol
family instead of
heterogeneous networks
– Reduced complexity for
network integration
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Mixed parallel secure and non-secure systems
– Resource optimized security systems
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Overall topic: power awareness
– Optimized transducers
– Improved data processing architectures and algorithms
– Communication interfaces and networks
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New topic for long-term research: bio-inspired approaches for
– Sensors
– Data processing
– Interfaces and networks
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Research Unit for Integrated Sensor Systems
Thank you for your attention
[email protected]
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