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Religions of South Asia Buddhism in the Subcontinent Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE) Born in NE India (southern Nepal). Raised in great luxury to be a king. At 29 he rejected his luxurious life to seek enlightenment and the source of suffering. Lived a strict, ascetic life for 6 yrs. Rejecting this extreme, sat in meditation, and found nirvana. Became “The Enlightened One,” at 35. What is the fundamental cause of all suffering? Desire! Therefore, extinguish the self, don’t obsess about oneself. Four Noble Truths 1. All Life is Suffering. To live is to suffer. (Dukkha) The Buddha found this out when he was young and experienced suffering and death in others. Four Noble Truths 2. The cause of suffering is selfcentered desire and attachments to material/worldy things. (Tanha) Four Noble Truths 3. The solution is to eliminate earthly desires and attachments. (Nirvana =“extinction” or literally “blown out” like a candle flame) Four Noble Truths 4. To reach nirvana, one must follow the Eightfold Path. Eightfold Path Nirvana The union with the ultimate spiritual reality. Escape from the cycle of rebirth (reincarnation) Buddha – 19c Thailand Buddha’s head : 2c Pakistan Mandala: Wheel of Life Motif Dharmachakra: 8spoked Wheel of Transformation or of the law Buddhist Altar Types of Buddhism Therevada Buddhism-heavy emphasis on a monastic life Mahayana BuddhismBuddha is a god Tibetan Buddhism-the Dali Lama is head Zen Buddhism-practiced in Japan Theravada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism The “Greater Vehicle.” Founded in northern Asia (China, Japan). Buddhism “for the masses.” Seek guidance from Boddhisatvas, people who are gods and goddesses. Goal: Not just individual escape from the wheel, but the salvation of all humanity through selfsacrifice of those enlightened few. Mahayana Buddhism Seated Boddhisatva – 16c Bhutan boddhisatva Tibetan Buddhism The Dalai Lama zen Buddhism The “Meditation School.” Popular in Japan Seeks sudden enlightenment [satori] through meditation, arriving at emptiness [sunyata]. Use of meditation masters [Roshi]. Beauty, art, and aesthetics: Gardens. Archery. Tea ceremony. Calligraphy. The Broader Impact of Buddhism • Rejected Hindu caste system social hierarchy-attracted the lower and merchant classes—spread quickly • Spread along the silk road by merchants then to the Steppe lands of Central Asia and then east • Became the dominant religion in China, Japan and SE Asia by 1000 AD • Spread via trade routes-resulted in diffusion of Asian cultures