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University of Georgia Sports Medicine
Automated External Defibrillator Policies and Procedure
October 2007
Introduction
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) affects over 400,000 people annually in the United States, and is also the leading
cause of death in young athletes. Healthy-appearing competitive athletes may harbor unsuspected cardiovascular disease
with the potential to cause sudden death. Athletes are considered the healthiest members of our society, and an unexpected
death during training or competition is a tragic event with wide-spread implications. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
is critical to maintaining the supply of oxygen to vital organs, but the single most effective treatment for cardiac arrest is
defibrillation. Access to early defibrillation and an automated external defibrillator (AED) should be part of standard
emergency planning for coverage of athletic activities.
The American Heart Association uses four (4) links in a chain (the "Chain of Survival") to illustrate the important
time-sensitive actions for victims of SCA.
 Early recognition of the emergency and activation of the emergency medical services (EMS) or local emergency
response system: "phone 911.
 Early bystander CPR: immediate CPR can double or triple the victim’s chance of survival from VF SCA.
 Early delivery of a shock with a defibrillator: CPR plus defibrillation within 3 to 5 minutes of collapse can
produce survival rates as high as 49% to 75%.
 Early advanced life support followed by post resuscitation care delivered by healthcare providers.
Recognition of SCA
Recognition of SCA in athletes may be difficult due to the relatively low overall occurrence. High suspicion of
SCA should be maintained for any collapsed and unresponsive athlete. Barriers to recognizing SCA in athletes may
include inaccurate assessment of pulse or respirations, agonal gasping, and myoclonic or seizure-like activity.
Management of SCA
CPR: Victims of cardiac arrest need immediate CPR. CPR provides a small but critical amount of blood flow to
the heart and brain. CPR prolongs the time ventricular fibrillation (VF) is present and increases the likelihood that a shock
will terminate VF (defibrillate the heart) and allow the heart to resume an effective rhythm and effective systemic
perfusion. CPR is especially important if a shock is not delivered for 4 or more minutes after collapse. Defibrillation does
not "restart" the heart; defibrillation "stuns" the heart, briefly stopping VF and other cardiac electrical activity. If the heart is
still viable, its normal pacemakers may then resume firing and produce an effective ECG rhythm that may ultimately
produce adequate blood flow.
“Effective” chest compressions are essential for providing blood flow during CPR . To give "effective" chest
compressions, "push hard and push fast." Compress the adult chest at a rate of about 100 compressions per minute, with a
compression depth of 1
to 2 inches (approximately 4 to 5 cm). Allow the chest to recoil completely after each
compression, and allow approximately equal compression and relaxation times. Minimize interruptions in chest
compressions. Rescuer fatigue may lead to inadequate compression rates or depth. Significant fatigue and shallow
compressions are seen after 1 minute of CPR, although rescuers may deny that fatigue is present for 5 minutes. When 2
or more rescuers are available, it is reasonable to switch the compressor about every 2 minutes (or after 5 cycles of
compressions and ventilations at a ratio of 30:2). Every effort should be made to accomplish this switch in <5 seconds. If
the 2 rescuers are positioned on either side of the patient, one rescuer will be ready and waiting to relieve the "working
compressor" every 2 minutes.
AED: An AED should be applied as soon as possible and turned on for rhythm analysis in any collapsed and
unresponsive athlete. CPR should be implemented while waiting for an AED if not immediately available. Interruptions in
chest compressions should be minimized and CPR stopped only for rhythm analysis and shock. CPR should be reinitiated
immediately after the first shock with repeat rhythm analysis following two minutes or five cycles of CPR.
Healthcare providers must practice efficient coordination between CPR and defibrillation. When VF is present for
more than a few minutes, the myocardium is depleted of oxygen and metabolic substrates. A brief period of chest
compressions can deliver oxygen and energy substrates, increasing the likelihood that a perfusing rhythm will return after
defibrillation (elimination of VF). Analyses of VF waveform characteristics predictive of shock success have documented
that the shorter the time between a chest compression and delivery of a shock, the more likely the shock will be successful.
Reduction in the interval from compression to shock delivery by even a few seconds can increase the probability of shock
success.
The rescuer providing chest compressions should minimize interruptions in chest compressions for rhythm
analysis and shock delivery and should be prepared to resume CPR, beginning with chest compressions, as soon as a shock
is delivered. When 2 rescuers are present, the rescuer operating the AED should be prepared to deliver a shock as soon as
the compressor removes his or her hands from the victim’s chest and all rescuers are "clear" of contact with the victim. The
lone rescuer should practice coordination of CPR with efficient AED operation.
Shock First Versus CPR First: When any rescuer witnesses SCA and an AED is immediately available on-site, the
rescuer should use the AED as soon as possible. When the SCA is not witnessed and/or the time interval from collapse to
first shock is greater than 5 minutes, two minutes of CPR should be performed prior to defibrillation.
Advanced Airway: Once an advanced airway(endotracheal tube or Combi-Tube) is in place, 2 rescuers no longer deliver
cycles of CPR (ie, compressions interrupted by pauses for ventilation). Instead, the compressing rescuer should give
continuous chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute without pauses for ventilation. The rescuer delivering ventilation
provides 8 to 10 breaths per minute. The 2 rescuers should change compressor and ventilator roles approximately every 2
minutes to prevent compressor fatigue and deterioration in quality and rate of chest compressions. When multiple rescuers
are present, they should rotate the compressor role about every 2 minutes.
Provisions to Coordinate with Local EMS
In the event of a cardiopulmonary emergency, the 911 emergency system should be activated as quickly as
possible. The first responders should provide initial care as appropriate to the situation and coordinate with other
emergency medical service providers upon their arrival in the provision of CPR, defibrillation, basic life support, and
advanced life support.
Operator Considerations
The University of Georgia Sports Medicine program utilizes the Philips FR2 AED unit. These AEDs are semiautomatic defibrillators that use an algorithm that analyzes the patient’s electrocardiographic (ECG) rhythm and indicates
whether or not it detects a shockable rhythm. They require operator interaction in order to defibrillate the patient. AEDs
are for use by trained personnel (first responders, certified athletic trainers, athletic training students, and team physicians)
who are authorized by a physician/medical director and have, at a minimum, American Heart Association (or comparable)
CPR and AED training.
Procedures for Training and Testing in the Use of AED
Personnel using the AED must complete a training session each year to include instruction in:
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The proper use, maintenance, and periodic inspection of the AED
Defibrillator safety precautions to enable the user to administer a shock without jeopardizing the safety of the
patient, the use or other individuals
Assessment of an unconscious person to determine if cardiac arrest has occurred and the appropriateness of
applying an AED
Recognizing that an electrical shock has been delivered to the patient and that the defibrillator is no longer
charged
Rapid, accurate assessment of the patient’s post-shock status to determine if further activation of the AED is
necessary
The operations of the local emergency medical services system, including methods of access to the emergency
response system, and interaction with emergency medical services personnel
The role of the user and coordination with other emergency medical service providers in the provision of CPR,
defibrillation, basic life support, and advanced life support
The responsibility of the user to continue care until the arrival of medically qualified personnel
Procedures to Ensure the Continued Competency Required for AED Use
Sports medicine personnel using the AED should complete a review session every ninety days (90) using the AED
training device and/or the AED computer simulation software to ensure continued competency in the use of the device. A
record will be maintained documenting medical staff competency training on the AED.
Medical Control Reporting and Incident Review
The AED digitally records patient data, including ECG rhythm and delivered shocks. A digital audio recording of
scene activity is available. Recorded data may be transferred by direct connection to a printer or computer or by modem to
a remote computer. Following an incident of application, the data will be downloaded from the AED and reviewed by both
the medical director and the attending physician(s) at the emergency facility where emergency care was provided. In
addition, a report detailing the emergency scene and treatment will be documented in writing.
Location of and Maintenance Required for AEDs
The University of Georgia Sports Medicine program has fifteen (15) Philips FRx AED units. They are located at:
1-2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11-13.
14.
15.
Butts-Mehre Hall (football)
Foley Field (baseball)
Tennis Complex satellite athletic training room
Women’s Athletic Complex (soccer)
Women’s Athletic Complex (softball)
Ramsey Center (volleyball)
Ramsey Center (swimming/diving)
Equestrian Arena
E. B. Smith Golf Center
Stegeman Coliseum
Coliseum Training Facility (gymnastics)
Coliseum Training Facility (basketball)
There are two (2) Philips MRx manual/automated defibrillators with 12-lead EKG capability located in the
physician examination rooms in Butts-Mehre Hall and Stegeman Coliseum. Based upon coverage issues, these units may
either be maintained in the athletic training facility or carried on-site to the athletic venue. There are additionally two (2)
Philips FRx AED units located in the strength & conditioning facilities in Butts-Mehre Hall and Stegeman Coliseum and
three (3) Philips FRx AED units located in Butts-Mehre Hall in the first floor loading dock area and in public access areas
on the second and third floors.
The AEDs perform an automatic self-test every 24 hours. If service is required, the AED activates an alarm. The
non-rechargeable lithium batteries have a five-year life. If batteries require replacement, the AED activates an alarm.
Personnel using the AED on a regular basis and after each time the AED is used should inspect and clean the AED and
check to make sure that all necessary supplies and accessories are readily available.
Appendix A: AED Treatment Algorithm
Appendix B: Georgia DHR Rules
Approved by: ____________________________________
Fred Reifsteck, M.D.
Date: _______________________
References
1. Andersen J, Courson RW, Kleiner DM, McLoda TA. National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement:
Emergency Planning in Athletics. J Athl Train 2002;37(1):99-104.
2. Hazinski MF, Markenson D, Neish S, et al. Response to cardiac arrest and selected life-threatening medical
emergencies: the medical emergency response plan for schools: A statement for healthcare providers, policymakers, school
administrators, and community leaders. Circulation 2004;109(2):278-91.
3. 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.
Circulation 2005;112(24 Suppl):IV1-203. Part 4: Adult Basic Life Support. Circulation 2005;112(24_suppl):IV19-IV34.
Part 5: Electrical Therapies: Automated External Defibrillators, Defibrillation, Cardioversion, and Pacing. Circulation
2005;112(24_suppl):IV35-IV46.
Appendix A: AHA AED Treatment Algorithm