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Integrated Science Name _________________________________ Exploring Locomotion Key Concepts: Muscles can only _________________ or __________________. When muscles and bones work together, you can ______________. Muscles always work in ____________ . Muscles are attached to bones by tough, stiff ___________________. Bones are held to other bones by flexible __________________. Where a bone meets another bone, they form a ______________. There are four types of joints: __________________ (for example: _______________________) __________________ (for example: _______________________) __________________ (for example: _______________________) __________________ (for example: _______________________) Procedure Each person in your group should take turns doing all of the following activities. 1. Rest your lower arm on the table with your palm up. Lay a book on top of the palm. While your arm is resting, use the fingers of the other hand and gently squeeze (feel) each muscle of the upper arm (biceps and triceps). Describe how each feels (tense or relaxed). Biceps: ________________ 2. While keeping the elbow on the table, raise and hold the book about 3-4 inches above the table. Again, feel (squeeze gently) each muscle in your upper arm and describe whether it is relaxed or tense. Biceps: ________________ 3. Triceps: _________________ Set up a book and ruler as shown. Rest the back of one hand on top of the ruler. While resting, feel (squeeze gently) each muscle in your upper arm and describe whether it is relaxed or tense. Biceps: ________________ 4. Triceps: _________________ Triceps: _________________ Ask your partner to steady the book to keep it from falling off the ruler. Now, exert a force that will raise and hold the book above the table. Feel (squeeze gently) each muscle in your upper arm and describe whether it is relaxed or tense. Biceps: ________________ Triceps: _________________ Questions 1. Which muscle was used to bend (flex) the arm? ________________ 2. Which muscle was used to straighten (extend) the arm? _________________ 3. In what way(s) could the arm be moved if the biceps was missing? 4. In what way(s) could the arm be moved if the triceps was missing? 5. How many muscles are needed to move the lower arm back and forth? ____________ 6. Did each muscle move the lower arm in the same or opposite direction? Circle answer 7. Is a muscle contracting or relaxing during the time it is moving a part of the body? Circle answer 8. What major types of movement are possible? That is, in what directions? 9. Based on your knowledge of muscles and joints, what determines what type of movement you are able to make? 10. What single word describes the only thing a muscle can do? __________________ 11. What structure attaches a muscle to a bone? (Hint: not flexible) _________________ 12. What structure holds a joint together while allowing it to move? (Hint: Flexible) _______________ 13. Why are tendons less flexible (more stiff) than ligaments? 14. Why can’t muscles, tendons, bones, and ligaments be made of the same type of tissue? TYPES OF MOVABLE JOINTS Reference pp 574-579 of Life Science text (green book) Draw and label the four types of movable below. ________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ Procedure, Part 2 Write the type of joint used for each of the following movements on the line to the right of the movement. 1. While keeping your hips straight, twist the shoulders first right, then left __________________ 2. Lay a pencil in the palm of your hand; touch it with the tips of the 4 Phalanges on the same hand __________________ 3. Stand beside a chair. Lift one leg up and over the chair and then swing It back to its starting position. __________________ 4. Stand with one side of your body 2-3 feet from the wall. Keeping your arm Straight, use your index finger to trace a circle on the wall. __________________ 5. While standing up straight, kick yourself (gently!) in your “behind” with your Right leg __________________ 6. Bend down and touch your toes. __________________ 7. Without twisting your body, look over the left shoulder then over the right Shoulder, then up at the ceiling and then down at the floor. __________________ 8. With the arms held straight out and elbows tight against the sides of your body Move your forearms so that your palms will face up and down. __________________ Questions Use your green Life Science text pp 574-579 to help fill in the table below to identify types of joints. Note that some have already been filled in for you. 1. Bone Frontal Mandible Type of joint formed when fitted with another bone fixed temporal hinge Scapula Ulna Name of other bone in joint humerus hinge Pelvis femur Phalanges other phalanges Femur tibia Vertebrae gliding 2. Which type of joint allows the greatest range of movement?