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УДК 502.76 (477) Volodymyr Manyuk Dnipropetrovsk national university, K.Marx THE PROBLEM OF CREATION GEOPARKS IN UKRAINE OF NETWORK NATIONAL Створення мережі національних геологічних парків в Україні є проблемою не менш актуальною ніж і в більшості тих країн Європи, де здійснюються реальні кроки по втіленню цієї ідеї в реальність. Пропонуються до розгляду найбільш перспективні об’єкти геологічної спадщини України для майбутньої мережі геопарків. The territory of Ukraine is characterized by an extremely complex and varied geological structure. Ukraine’s territory covering 603,700km2 includes the complete range of stratigraphic scale (from Precambrian up to Quaternary systems) and almost all types of large geological structures are represented: platforms, folded areas and transitonal zones. The fragments form almost all stratigraphic subdivisions in perfect outcrops in river valleys, on the Ukrainian crystal shield and in folded structures of the Crimea, the Carpathians and the Donbass. The history of geological development has left distinct traces from the Preriphean, Caledonean, Hercinides, Mesozoic and Alpine folding epochs. Structural - tectonic features of the territory give the character of geological development extreme richness and a varied mineral resource base of Ukraine, which provides 25 % of the total national product of the country. From 20 thousand deposits, revealed in Ukraine, 7500 have industrial significance and characterize 90 kinds of mineral raw material. Many deposits are among the largest in the world on account of their mineral reserves of ores, their quality and size of annual production. All this on the whole creates the necessary preconditions for the preservation of the most valuable fragments of the unique geological heritage of Ukraine. From the moment of the creation in 1988 of the European Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage (ProGEO) which held in 1991 its First International Symposium in France, Ukrainian geologists have actively participated in the activity of ProGEO. Ukraine in 1993 became a participant of the European Association for the Conservation of the geological Heritage and entered into the structure of the Central European group ProGEO. The representatives of the Ukrainian group of ProGEO are engaged in discovering, revealing, describing, inventorising, cataloguing and creating a computer database of the natural geological monuments of Ukraine, creating and improving the typological classification of geosites, developing methodological bases for estimation of objects of geological heritage, participating in the international project GEOSITES, studying opportunities for tourist use of geosites with the purpose of popularizing and protecting them. After the completion in 2004 of a tentative evaluation of objects of the geological heritage of Ukraine and the establishment of their nature protection status, and also in connection with the founding in 2000 by some European countries of the European Network of Geoparks (EGN), whose ideas were quickly distributed in many countries of the world, the connection of Ukraine to EGN became clearer and more logical. The main aim of the European Geoparks Network is to bring sustainable territorial development to the geopark by using that territory's geological heritage primarily though the development of geotourism. The First International Symposium on Development within Geoparks: Science and Management was holding in Jiaozuo City of Hennan Province, China in May 2006. The second UNESCO International conference on Geoparks _________________ © V.Manyuk, 2007 «Celebrating Earth Heritage - Sustaining Local Communities» will take place in Belfast, Northern Ireland from September 17-21, 2006. It has become an obvious and abundantly clear, that the legislative base for the creation in Ukraine of National Geoparks is not developed and it is impossible to count on fast success in achieving the final aims. However, a more real is task may be revealing, the all-round scientific characteristics and possibly making a more complete estimation of major territorial objects of geological heritage as potential national geoparks on both state and international levels. As the candidates for the role of potential national geological parks the following unique objects of geological heritage are offered for discussion. Dniester composite stratotype Vendian and Paleozoic. Sections of Upper Proterozoik (Vendian), Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian as perfect outcrops, opened by erosive cutting of Dniester valley and its inflows. Here are established stratotypic series, suites and layers of the specified age interval well characterized by fossil fauna and flora. The value of this object is supplemented by a variety of the forms of gypsum karst with one of largest caves in the world the "Optimistic Cave”, 142.5 km in length (Ternopol, Khmelnitskiy, Vinnitsa and Chernovtsy regions). Royal Rocks. Rocky outcrops in coastal ledge of the river Verchne Provalia, been built by Middle Carboniferous sandstones tower 80 - 100 m above then level of the water. The originality of a relief and picturesqueness of the rocks are supplemented by specific vegetative associations with a plenty rare and endemic of species. Kryvyi Rig section of a deposit of iron ores. In coastal precipice of the rivers Ingulets and Saxagane, also in old quarries, the rich iron ores, jaspelites, conglomerates, metasandstons, phyllitic slates and other rocks describing a section of one of largest deposit of iron ores in the world Kryvyi Rig shows exposure on the surface as picturesque rocks. The section is fragmentary traced, along a length of 120 kms and unites 12 geosites, each of which is valuable object of geological heritage. Objects having archaeological value, traces of ancient ore mining, botanical reserves are located here. Basavluk Gorge in Tokovsky granite massif. Ivan-Darievskean section of lower Permian sediments. Mokra Volnovaha section of Devonian and Carboniferous. On the river Mokra Volnovaha in Donetsk region, in high ledges of the right bank, on a site between villages Styla and Razdolne, on an extent about 20 kms outcrops on the surface as magnificent cliffs sediment and volcanic rocks of Devonian system, limestone of Tournasian of a stage of Carboniferous system. In volcanites of Devonian by sites are clearly expressed columnar parting of basalts, frequently there are lapilli and volcanic bombs, andesit-basaltic spherical parting. Zacharovana Valley (Smerecov a Stone). Stone Tombs (Kamenny Mogile). On the right slope of Karatysh river in the flat steppe of Priasovia, two rocky ridges consisting of separate large hills and huge boulders, of granitoides Kamennomogilsce complex of Middle Palaeozoic majestically tower 100 - 120 m above the environmental relief. Already in 1927 The «Stone tombs» (Kamenny Mogile) received the status of reserve, and now are branch of the Ukrainian State Steppe reserve and attract plenty of tourists. Carpathian Reserve and mountain Goverla. Bulgunak group of mud volcanos in Crimea. Among the numerous centers of mud volcanism in the Kerchensko-Tamanske a zone of Crimea and in the Caucasus Bulganachske, the volcanic center, is the most unusual natural object in the Kerche peninsula of Crimea. To the north of Bondarenkovo, a rounded depression with several pressed troughs are located numerous working mud volcanoes, salses and collateral gryphons of the various form and sizes, which periodically throw out breccias, gases, water and debris of different rocks. Karadag Volcanic Massif. Is located in east part of the Crimean Mountains, between the Koktebelske and Otuzske valleys and represents one of the brightest manifestations of Middle Jurassic of volcanism with an extreme variety, both products of volcanic, and forms of relief. In the Karadag Reserve, created in 1979, many valuable minerals (opal, cornelian, jasper, chalcedony, amethyst, mountain crystal etc.), rare and disappearing species of plants and animals are protected. Volcanism on Cape Fiolent. «Valley of the Ghosts» the mountain Demerdjy and thrusting structure. As a result of selective weathering of Upper Jurassic conglomerates composing a southern slope of the mountain Demerdjy in the Main Mountain Ridge of Crimea, were generated original, rather whimsical forms of relief attracting the tourists from all over the world. These forms have denominated the given district «Valley of the Ghosts ". Besides, the processes of global tectogenesis, expressed by presence of powerful zones overlap dislocation, overthrusts, melanges and olistolithes are here rather contrastedly shown. Great Canyon of Crimea in Upper Jurassic limeston. Ai-Petry Jaila with Mountain Ai-Petry. The magnificent cogged top Ai-Petry decorates the southern coast of Crimea and is a part of the Ai-Petry maintains pasture. The top part of the mountain is built by biohermal limestones of Tithonian stage from the Upper Jurassic. The top sharply jagged peaks as four magnificent jags towers above the mountain pasture of 1233 m and represents reef massif, whose landscape variety is supplemented by karst craters, cracks, crevices and caves. Orovscean Skibova zone of East Carpathians. Venglovetska tectonic zone. Snake island in the Black Sea. This small in sizes, but rather picturesque island, is a unique object of geological heritage located in the Black Sea, in 7 hours by ship from the city of Odessa. The sheer precipices of the island, with the ledge height up to 30 m, are built by conglomerates and Upper Devonian sandstones, creating a surprisingly magnificent landscape. Granite-Steppe Pobujie in Nikolaev region. Visachkovske Salt Dome. Is located in the Poltava region and is one of the unique diapers, characteristic of the Dneprovsk-Donetsk depression. In the walls of the deserted old quarry it is possible to observe brought-up from large depths to the surface by a powerful salt stock, boulders of basalts, diabases, tuffbreccia, dolerites together with Devonian and Carboniferous limestones, gypsum and other rocks. The bottom of the quarry is filled by a picturesque lake. Glaciotectonic Mountain Piviha in Poltava region. Characterizes one of the brightest phenomenons of glaciodislocation in the limits of the border moraine of the ridge of Dneprovsk (Rissian) glaciation. In limits distal and proximate of parts moraine the plastic deformations of layers are precisely shown, frequently meeting huge blocks of Palaeogene rocks. Basalt Columns «Ivanova Valley». In a quarry in the «Ivanova Valley» and in others quarries Ivanova-Dolinske and Berestovetske deposits in the Volynsk and Rovno regions open Upper Proterozoik basalts with perfect classical columnar by separateness. The height of perfect these formed hexahedron of columns reaches 30 m. Besides, columnar basalts, here it is possible to observe spherical separateness with the diameter of spheres up to 0,5 m. A rather large mineralogical variety of basalt rocks exposed by opening of quarries, is characteristic: jasperoids, mountain crystal, amethyst, agate, analcime, native copper etc. Protopovska Gully, with Triassic and Jurassic outcrops Toltrova Reef Ridge Medobore. Represents by itself a rather large reef of Badenium-Sarmatian age, opened by erosion-denudating processes in postsarmatian time. Toltrove Ridge Medobore is traced from vicinities of. Lvov through the Ternopol and Khmelnitskiy region up to Moldova. Kanevsk Glaciotectonic Mountains. Represents by itself glaciotectonic formation 7 kms to the southeast of Kanev in territory of the Kanevske State Reserve. In the time of the Dneprovian glaciation here were displaced and intensively dislocated rocks from the Triassic up to the Early Quaternary age. In the subsequent time has appeared a rather original relief. Thus, the list of potential objects of great geological importance is large enough and includes 25 territories, each of which richly deserves assignment of the status of National Geological Park. The first step, with which the given message can be considered, has modest applicability to draw attention to unique complex objects of geological heritage, and to the necessity of preserving the best fragments of geological nature for posterity. References 1. Manyuk V. Tourist aspects of use of geological monuments of a nature. 2001. Steady development of tourism at coast of the Black sea., - Odessa, 50 - 59p. 2. Manyuk V. Geological Heritage of the Dnipropetrovsk region. Natural and Cultural landscapes: the geological foundation. Dublin, Ireland, 2002.- 25-26p. 3. Manyuk V. Geological heritage of a southern part of Ukraine. 2002. Natural and Cultural landscapes. - Proceedings of a conference, Dublin castle,- 93-98p. Edited by Matthew Parkes, 2004. 4. Manyuk V. Geoscientific significance and tourist values of Zmeynyi (Snake) island. \\ Proceeding of the Conference “Geological heritage concept, conservation and protection policy in Central Europe.-Polish Geological Institute Special Papers, 13 (2004), Cracow-Warzawa, P.155-161. 5. Manyuk V. New strategy for conservation of geosites in Ukraine. //Geology-marker of cultural and geological heritage geosites under threat.- Proceeding 32 th International geological congress Florence, 2004. 6. Manyuk V. The scientific basis and practical experience in research stratigraphic and paleontological of the natural monuments of southern and east regions of Ukraine.2004. Problems of Phanerozoic stratigraphy of Ukraine. Kiev, IGS, 253259p. 7. Manyuk V. Inventory and cataloguing of a geological heritage of Southern and East Ukraine.//ProGEO WG-1 subregional meeting and field trip.-Tirana, Albania, 2005.P.20-21. 8. Manyuk V. Peculiarity of Geoconservation in Ukraine.// IV International Symposium ProGEO on the Conservation of the Geological Heritage. – Braga, Portugal, University of Minho, 2005.-Page 26. 9. Manyuk V. Preservation of the Geological Heritage of Ukraine: new steps towards the creation of a data base of geosites. //ProGEO NEWS, Oslo, Norway, №2, 2005.p.1-3. 10. Manyuk V. Potential objects for creation of a Network National Geoparks in Ukraine.// ProGEO Symposium “Safeguarding our Geological Heritage”, Kyiv – Kamianets-Podil’sky, 2006.-P.30-32. 11. Protection du patrimolne geologique. – Digne, 11-15 Juin, 1991//Geochronique, 1991,№37.-P.3. 12. Геологічні пам’ятки України. Geological landmarks of Ukraine. Колектив авторів, у трьох томах, укр. та англ. мовами, - 2006.-том 1.-320 с. 13. Манюк В.В. Зберегти скарби геологічної спадщини Дніпропетровщини. //Свята справа, №3, 1999.-С.19-25. 14. Манюк В.В. Геологічні пам’ятки Дніпропетровщини у природному середовищі та житті людини. // Січеславщина, вип.4 –«Скарби Придніпровського степу.» – 2002.-С.5-31. 15. Манюк В.В. Особливості збереження геологічних пам’яток природи в рамках міжнародної програми «Геосайти».// // Матеріали другої Міжнародної конференції.- Проблеми природокористування, сталого розвитку та техногенної безпеки регіонів. - 2003.- (С. 161 - 163). 16. Mанюк В.В. Геологічні дослідження в Запорізькій і Донецькій областях з метою обстеження, інвентарізації і подальшого збереження геологічних пам’яток природи.//Зб.наук.праць до 75-річчя профессора О.П.Фісуненко. – Луганск, 2006.-С.82-93.