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УДК 502.76 (477)
Volodymyr Manyuk
Dnipropetrovsk national university, K.Marx
THE PROBLEM OF CREATION
GEOPARKS IN UKRAINE
OF
NETWORK
NATIONAL
Створення мережі національних геологічних парків в Україні є проблемою не менш
актуальною ніж і в більшості тих країн Європи, де здійснюються реальні кроки по втіленню цієї
ідеї в реальність. Пропонуються до розгляду найбільш перспективні об’єкти геологічної
спадщини України для майбутньої мережі геопарків.
The territory of Ukraine is characterized by an extremely complex and varied
geological structure. Ukraine’s territory covering 603,700km2 includes the complete
range of stratigraphic scale (from Precambrian up to Quaternary systems) and almost all
types of large geological structures are represented: platforms, folded areas and
transitonal zones. The fragments form almost all stratigraphic subdivisions in perfect
outcrops in river valleys, on the Ukrainian crystal shield and in folded structures of the
Crimea, the Carpathians and the Donbass. The history of geological development has left
distinct traces from the Preriphean, Caledonean, Hercinides, Mesozoic and Alpine folding
epochs. Structural - tectonic features of the territory give the character of geological
development extreme richness and a varied mineral resource base of Ukraine, which
provides 25 % of the total national product of the country. From 20 thousand deposits,
revealed in Ukraine, 7500 have industrial significance and characterize 90 kinds of
mineral raw material. Many deposits are among the largest in the world on account of
their mineral reserves of ores, their quality and size of annual production. All this on the
whole creates the necessary preconditions for the preservation of the most valuable
fragments of the unique geological heritage of Ukraine.
From the moment of the creation in 1988 of the European Association for the
Conservation of the Geological Heritage (ProGEO) which held in 1991 its First
International Symposium in France, Ukrainian geologists have actively participated in the
activity of ProGEO. Ukraine in 1993 became a participant of the European Association
for the Conservation of the geological Heritage and entered into the structure of the
Central European group ProGEO. The representatives of the Ukrainian group of ProGEO
are engaged in discovering, revealing, describing, inventorising, cataloguing and creating
a computer database of the natural geological monuments of Ukraine, creating and
improving the typological classification of geosites, developing methodological bases for
estimation of objects of geological heritage, participating in the international project
GEOSITES, studying opportunities for tourist use of geosites with the purpose of
popularizing and protecting them.
After the completion in 2004 of a tentative evaluation of objects of the geological
heritage of Ukraine and the establishment of their nature protection status, and also in
connection with the founding in 2000 by some European countries of the European
Network of Geoparks (EGN), whose ideas were quickly distributed in many countries of
the world, the connection of Ukraine to EGN became clearer and more logical. The main
aim of the European Geoparks Network is to bring sustainable territorial development to
the geopark by using that territory's geological heritage primarily though the development
of geotourism.
The First International Symposium on Development within
Geoparks: Science and Management was holding in Jiaozuo City of Hennan Province,
China in May 2006. The second UNESCO International conference on Geoparks
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© V.Manyuk, 2007
«Celebrating Earth Heritage - Sustaining Local Communities» will take place in Belfast,
Northern Ireland from September 17-21, 2006. It has become an obvious and abundantly
clear, that the legislative base for the creation in Ukraine of National Geoparks is not
developed and it is impossible to count on fast success in achieving the final aims.
However, a more real is task may be revealing, the all-round scientific characteristics and
possibly making a more complete estimation of major territorial objects of geological
heritage as potential national geoparks on both state and international levels.
As the candidates for the role of potential national geological parks the following
unique objects of geological heritage are offered for discussion.
 Dniester composite stratotype Vendian and Paleozoic. Sections of Upper
Proterozoik (Vendian), Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian as perfect outcrops,
opened by erosive cutting of Dniester valley and its inflows. Here are established
stratotypic series, suites and layers of the specified age interval well characterized
by fossil fauna and flora. The value of this object is supplemented by a variety of
the forms of gypsum karst with one of largest caves in the world the "Optimistic
Cave”, 142.5 km in length (Ternopol, Khmelnitskiy, Vinnitsa and Chernovtsy
regions).
 Royal Rocks. Rocky outcrops in coastal ledge of the river Verchne Provalia,
been built by Middle Carboniferous sandstones tower 80 - 100 m above then level
of the water. The originality of a relief and picturesqueness of the rocks are
supplemented by specific vegetative associations with a plenty rare and endemic
of species.
 Kryvyi Rig section of a deposit of iron ores. In coastal precipice of the rivers
Ingulets and Saxagane, also in old quarries, the rich iron ores, jaspelites,
conglomerates, metasandstons, phyllitic slates and other rocks describing a
section of one of largest deposit of iron ores in the world Kryvyi Rig shows
exposure on the surface as picturesque rocks. The section is fragmentary traced,
along a length of 120 kms and unites 12 geosites, each of which is valuable object
of geological heritage. Objects having archaeological value, traces of ancient ore
mining, botanical reserves are located here.
 Basavluk Gorge in Tokovsky granite massif.
 Ivan-Darievskean section of lower Permian sediments.
 Mokra Volnovaha section of Devonian and Carboniferous. On the river Mokra
Volnovaha in Donetsk region, in high ledges of the right bank, on a site between
villages Styla and Razdolne, on an extent about 20 kms outcrops on the surface as
magnificent cliffs sediment and volcanic rocks of Devonian system, limestone of
Tournasian of a stage of Carboniferous system. In volcanites of Devonian by sites
are clearly expressed columnar parting of basalts, frequently there are lapilli and
volcanic bombs, andesit-basaltic spherical parting.
 Zacharovana Valley (Smerecov a Stone).
 Stone Tombs (Kamenny Mogile). On the right slope of Karatysh river in the flat
steppe of Priasovia, two rocky ridges consisting of separate large hills and huge
boulders, of granitoides Kamennomogilsce complex of Middle Palaeozoic
majestically tower 100 - 120 m above the environmental relief. Already in 1927
The «Stone tombs» (Kamenny Mogile) received the status of reserve, and now are
branch of the Ukrainian State Steppe reserve and attract plenty of tourists.
 Carpathian Reserve and mountain Goverla.
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Bulgunak group of mud volcanos in Crimea. Among the numerous centers of
mud volcanism in the Kerchensko-Tamanske a zone of Crimea and in the
Caucasus Bulganachske, the volcanic center, is the most unusual natural object in
the Kerche peninsula of Crimea. To the north of Bondarenkovo, a rounded
depression with several pressed troughs are located numerous working mud
volcanoes, salses and collateral gryphons of the various form and sizes, which
periodically throw out breccias, gases, water and debris of different rocks.
Karadag Volcanic Massif. Is located in east part of the Crimean Mountains,
between the Koktebelske and Otuzske valleys and represents one of the brightest
manifestations of Middle Jurassic of volcanism with an extreme variety, both
products of volcanic, and forms of relief. In the Karadag Reserve, created in 1979,
many valuable minerals (opal, cornelian, jasper, chalcedony, amethyst, mountain
crystal etc.), rare and disappearing species of plants and animals are protected.
Volcanism on Cape Fiolent.
«Valley of the Ghosts» the mountain Demerdjy and thrusting structure. As a
result of selective weathering of Upper Jurassic conglomerates composing a
southern slope of the mountain Demerdjy in the Main Mountain Ridge of Crimea,
were generated original, rather whimsical forms of relief attracting the tourists
from all over the world. These forms have denominated the given district «Valley
of the Ghosts ". Besides, the processes of global tectogenesis, expressed by
presence of powerful zones overlap dislocation, overthrusts, melanges and
olistolithes are here rather contrastedly shown.
Great Canyon of Crimea in Upper Jurassic limeston.
Ai-Petry Jaila with Mountain Ai-Petry. The magnificent cogged top Ai-Petry
decorates the southern coast of Crimea and is a part of the Ai-Petry maintains
pasture. The top part of the mountain is built by biohermal limestones of
Tithonian stage from the Upper Jurassic. The top sharply jagged peaks as four
magnificent jags towers above the mountain pasture of 1233 m and represents reef
massif, whose landscape variety is supplemented by karst craters, cracks, crevices
and caves.
Orovscean Skibova zone of East Carpathians.
Venglovetska tectonic zone.
Snake island in the Black Sea. This small in sizes, but rather picturesque island,
is a unique object of geological heritage located in the Black Sea, in 7 hours by
ship from the city of Odessa. The sheer precipices of the island, with the ledge
height up to 30 m, are built by conglomerates and Upper Devonian sandstones,
creating a surprisingly magnificent landscape.
Granite-Steppe Pobujie in Nikolaev region.
Visachkovske Salt Dome. Is located in the Poltava region and is one of the
unique diapers, characteristic of the Dneprovsk-Donetsk depression. In the walls
of the deserted old quarry it is possible to observe brought-up from large depths to
the surface by a powerful salt stock, boulders of basalts, diabases, tuffbreccia,
dolerites together with Devonian and Carboniferous limestones, gypsum and other
rocks. The bottom of the quarry is filled by a picturesque lake.
Glaciotectonic Mountain Piviha in Poltava region. Characterizes one of the
brightest phenomenons of glaciodislocation in the limits of the border moraine of
the ridge of Dneprovsk (Rissian) glaciation. In limits distal and proximate of parts
moraine the plastic deformations of layers are
precisely shown, frequently
meeting huge blocks of Palaeogene rocks.
 Basalt Columns «Ivanova Valley». In a quarry in the «Ivanova Valley» and in
others quarries Ivanova-Dolinske and Berestovetske deposits in the Volynsk and
Rovno regions open Upper Proterozoik basalts with perfect classical columnar by
separateness. The height of perfect these formed hexahedron of columns reaches
30 m. Besides, columnar basalts, here it is possible to observe spherical
separateness with the diameter of spheres up to 0,5 m. A rather large
mineralogical variety of basalt rocks exposed by opening of quarries, is
characteristic: jasperoids, mountain crystal, amethyst, agate, analcime, native
copper etc.
 Protopovska Gully, with Triassic and Jurassic outcrops
 Toltrova Reef Ridge Medobore. Represents by itself a rather large reef of
Badenium-Sarmatian age, opened by erosion-denudating processes in
postsarmatian time. Toltrove Ridge Medobore is traced from vicinities of. Lvov
through the Ternopol and Khmelnitskiy region up to Moldova.
 Kanevsk Glaciotectonic Mountains. Represents by itself glaciotectonic
formation 7 kms to the southeast of Kanev in territory of the Kanevske State
Reserve. In the time of the Dneprovian glaciation here were displaced and
intensively dislocated rocks from the Triassic up to the Early Quaternary age. In
the subsequent time has appeared a rather original relief.
Thus, the list of potential objects of great geological importance is large enough
and includes 25 territories, each of which richly deserves assignment of the status of
National Geological Park. The first step, with which the given message can be
considered, has modest applicability to draw attention to unique complex objects of
geological heritage, and to the necessity of preserving the best fragments of geological
nature for posterity.
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