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10th Grade Social Studies – TAKS Review Dates 1776 - Declaration of Independence (listed grievances) 1787 - United States Constitution (replaced articles of confederation) 1803 - Louisiana Purchase (doubled the size of the U.S.) 1861-1865 - Civil War (established the supremacy of the federal government) People Thomas Jefferson – Primary author of the Declaration of Independence George Washington – Commander in Chief of the Continental Army Thomas Payne – Wrote “Common Sense” a pamphlet supporting independence Benjamin Franklin – Founding Father who helped secure French help Events American Revolution Lexington & Concord - first battles Saratoga - turning point, Colonists victory assured French support Yorktown - last battle, British surrendered Treaty of Paris - officially recognized the U.S. as an independent country World History Agricultural Revolution - switch from hunting and gathering to farming and herding, allowed civilizations (cities) to develop Renaissance/Enlightenment - rebirth/awakening – growth and trade, new philosophy and exchange of ideas, encouraged science and rational thought Industrial Revolution – switch from agriculture (farming) to industrial production, led to the growth of cities and global trade Democratic Revolution – political shift toward democratic government World Wars – end of many European monarchies, established many communist/socialist republics, led to many technologies (radar, jet aircraft, rockets, antibiotics, nuclear weapons Cold War – U.S. and Soviet Union became world superpowers, had opposing political and economic systems, each side tried to increase its global influence and undermine the power of the other, both sides avoided open warfare Economic Systems Traditional – simple activities like farming, hunting & gathering; based on custom and tradition; simple technologies like horses and plows, found in less developed areas like Africa, Asia, and South America Command – government owns and controls economic resources, no profit motive or business competition, people have little economic freedom, found in the former Soviet Union, Cuba, and North Korea Market (Capitalist) – individuals own and control economic resources, businesses compete with each other and people are motivated by the desire for profit, individuals have significant economic freedom, found in the United States and Japan Methods of Production Subsistence Agriculture – production of almost all the things the family needs with little or nothing left over for trade, usually associated with traditional economies Market-oriented Agriculture – production of farm goods for sale instead of home use, associated with market and command economies Cottage Industry – goods produced in people’s homes using simple equipment and technology, associated with traditional economies Commercial Industry – large-scale production of goods in factories with complex machines and technology, often involves a large number of workers, associated with market and command economies Fundamental Principles of American Government (structure & function) Colonists came to the Americas looking for freedom (especially religious and economic freedom) Documents that help us understand American government better are the Declaration of Independence (a list of grievances/complaints), the Articles of Confederation (the original government structure that had to be changed because its federal government was too weak), the Federalist Papers (a series of pamphlets encouraging people to support the ideas of federalism and having a strong federal government), the U.S. Constitution (our current government structure), and the Bill of Rights (the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution that guarantee individual rights to Americans) Enlightenment – “the awakening” – a philosophical movement that encouraged the use of reason to make government and society better. Ideas of free speech and representative government influenced American leaders before and after the American Revolution. Some ideas come from John Locke who supported natural (unalienable) rights and the theory of social contract (government is created by people in order to protect their natural rights) Popular Sovereignty – people rule and have the final authority in everything Republicanism – people elect representatives to create and enforce laws Limited government – the constitution (people) grant the government powers but also place limits on those powers Federalism – division of power between the national and state governments Separation of Powers – the federal government is divided into 3 branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) so that the peoples’ rights are protected Checks and Balances – each branch of the federal government has some powers that restrict the actions of the other branches so that no branch can become more powerful Individual Rights (natural/unalienable) – these are valued in American government and are protected by the constitution and bill of rights Bill of Rights 1 – freedom of press, religion, assembly, and the right to petition the government 2 – the right to bear arms 3 – civilians will not be forced to house soldiers 4 – people are protected from unreasonable search and seizure 5 – people have the right to know why they have been arrested and they do not have to testify against themselves 6 – right to a speedy and public jury trial 7 – jury trials for civil cases involving large amounts of money 8 – protection from excessive bail and cruel & unusual punishment 9 – rights not listed in the Constitution are not automatically denied to the people 10 – people and the states keep powers that are not specifically given to the federal government The Nullification Crisis – the United States imposed a tariff (import tax) on manufactured goods in 1832, the tariff raised prices encouraging people to buy American goods. This was good for Northeastern manufacturers, but bad for southerners who did not own many factories. They felt angry and betrayed. South Carolina announced that they would not obey laws that they didn’t agree with and would nullify (refuse to accept/follow) the federal tariff. They also threatened to secede from the Union. The president threatened to use military force to prevent them from seceding. They eventually reached a compromise, however; this issue is important because it was the first big challenge to the federal government’s authority The Civil War – Controversy over the division of power between federal and state governments continued through 1860. Eventually, the states began to argue about slavery and many southern states seceded leading to a civil war. The north won the war and slavery was later abolished in the United States. This war is significant because it established that the federal government would have supremacy over the state governments Reconstruction Amendments – southern states were allowed to rejoin the Union only after agreeing to these amendments that improved the rights of African Americans o 13th Amendment – abolished (ended and outlawed) slavery in the United States o 14th Amendment – all persons (former slaves / African Americans) born in the United States are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws o 15th Amendment - citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” (African American males have the right to vote) Cultural (Spatial) Diffusion The process of people, culture, languages, technology, things, ideas, diseases etc… spreading through different geographical places The most common examples of spatial diffusion are: o The Columbian Exchange o The Bubonic (Black) Plague Maps / Graphs / Charts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. HIGHLIGHT & UNDERLINE KEY WORDS AND PHRASES ALWAYS READ THE TITLE FIRST Look at the key or labels Look at the question and answer choices Look back at the map/graph/chart and try to eliminate choices that don’t make sense 6. Choose the answer that seems the most correct 7. Double check (ask yourself “can I see this in the information provided”) Determining level of development and standard of living o The following statistical data can help determine a country’s level of development and standard of living – remember that the greater the level of development usually the better the standard of living o Gross Domestic Product o Gross National Product o Per Capita Income o Population Growth o Literacy Rate o Life Expectancy