Download A Methodology to Develop a Sustainable, High Performance

A M ethodology to Develop a
Sustainable, High P erform ance
Building Envelope
BEST 3, Atlanta, April 2012
Grahame E. Maisey, P.E.
W e’re
Going To
R eveal New
Sustainable
Truths
and Ex pose
Old Bogus
Truths
W e Have Developed NEW
P rotocols For Sustainability:
Energy, M aintenance and
P roductivity (Com fort & Health)
AND Docum entation
Defining Term s
Sustainable:
1. Able to be Maintained
2. Maintain the Environment
High Performance:
Provide Superior Effectiveness
and Functions
Typical 100 Yr Design Strategy
Plan and Design for Today’s Energy
Costs and Energy Resources
Plan and Design for Yesterday’s
(Historic) Weather
Ignore Long-Term Operation &
Maintenance Costs, Not Our Concern
Occupant Comfort and Productivity is
a Secondary (if any) Consideration
Global Resource Funnel,
Shrinking Resources
The Natural Step TNS
Back-Casting
Envelope M aster P lanning
End-Goal P erform ance
Net Zero Energy,
Triple Life Cycle Length,
Reduce O & M Costs by 75%,
Preventive Maintenance
Optimize Comfort/Productivity
Envelope M aster P lanning
Envelope M aster P lanning
Envelope M aster P lanning
Hum an Therm al Com fort
Building Envelope System s
Complete envelope analysis:
Foundation;
Basement;
Walls;
Roof.
Components in each section
Building Envelope: Foundation
Support for present and future
structure;
Connection with the earth;
Physically;
Thermally
Building Envelope: Basem ent
Connection with the earth;
Physically;
Thermally.
Light wells for Natural Lighting
Building Envelope: W alls
Wall Areas, Windows,
Entrances
R20 Windows,
R40 Glazing in 5 years
Entrance Lobbies w/Walk-Offs
Building Envelope: Roofs
Flat and Sloped
Connection with the Sky;
Thermally;
Light Wells, Solar & Rain
Collection
An I nconvenient Truth … M any
Buildings Are Rusting Aw ay
W hy Buildings Are Rusting Aw ay
W hy Buildings Are Rusting Aw ay
Building Envelope QA/ QC
Separating responsibility of
envelope components will cause
commissioning dilemmas.
Bundle systems together for
responsible contractor testing.
Building Envelope
Sustainability
Cradle to Cradle Analysis:
Material Resources;
Energy;
Longevity;
Performance;
Maintainability
Building Envelope
High P erform ance
Life Cycle Analysis:
Resilience;
Energy;
Maintenance
Building Envelope System s
100 Year Old Technology
Vapor Barrier on Warm Side
Insulation With Heat Bridges
Plan for 50 Years Life Cycle,
Not 300 Years
P assivHaus Building Envelope
Building Envelope Developm ent
for Today and Tom orrow
Performance in Hot and
Cold Climate
Air/Vapor Barrier Toward
Middle of Insulation.
Double Wall Construction,
Offset Structural Members
P assivHaus Building Envelope
for Hot and Cold Clim ate
Building Envelope P erform ance
for USA, Today and Tom orrow
Many areas of the USA have more
severe weather than Europe:
= PassivHaus Plus
Consider the next 3, 7, 15 and 30
years and PassivHaus Plus will
make economic sense
Building Envelope P erform ance
for USA, Today and Tom orrow
Increased comfort can be
calculated to equal extra cost of
building envelope
Mechanical system size reduction
is cost savings
Long-lasting systems reduce
maintenance, remodeling costs
Building Envelopes for the
Nex t 100 - 300 Year Buildings
Plan for 150MPH winds minimum.
Hurricanes and Tornadoes are
Likely in about everywhere in the
next 100 years
Plan for seismic events, 7 to 9R,
“Fracking” is causing quakes and
disturbances
Building Envelopes for the
Nex t 100 - 300 Year Buildings
Floods and high rain events, move
from 2”/Hr for 2 hours to 12”/Hr
for 1 hour
A 300 Year Life Cycle guarantees
numerous disastrous events, so
prepare
Building Envelopes for the
Nex t 100 - 300 Year Buildings
New Technology, Materials and
Manufacturing Techniques
Manufactured sections with
windows, integrated services
I nex pensive Solution
PassiveHaus Plus, 40% Less $$’s
Offset Studs. Resilient Air/Vapor Barrier with
Radiant Foil on Both Sides
I nex pensive Solution
PassiveHaus Plus, 40% Less $$’s
Graphite/Fiberglass Offset Studs with Resilient
Air/Vapor Barrier Toward Middle of Insulation
W indow s
R20 Windows in 5 Years
Vacuum in triple glazed spaces (R40)
65mm, 2.5” frames,
Perhaps 100mm, 4” frames
Entrance System s
Lobby to isolate entrance,
minimize air movement (large
lobby can include walk-off)
Large rotating doors similar to
airport doors, with lobby so we
need two doors
Enable reduction in electrical use
in supermarkets by 75% to 80%
P lotting
Tem ps
Through
Building
Envelopes
Two slides to follow
plotting potential dry
bulb and dewpoint
temperatures through
wall and roof structures
This help determine
position of vapor/air
barriers
P lotting
Tem ps
Through
Building
Envelopes
Two slides to follow
plotting potential dry
bulb and dewpoint
temperatures through
wall and roof structures
This help determine
position of vapor/air
barriers
I nform ation and Data
Life Blood of Planning, Design
And Construction;
And O & M;
And Remodeling
Assuring Building P erform ance
Analysis, Evaluation,
.. Documentation
Expert Knowledge,
Methods and Procedures
..
BI M , P roject Collaboration
and Docum ent M anagem ent
These documents manage
information and data
development and flow
Experts need to examine validity
of data
New Docum ent P rotocol
The Detailed Design I ntent
Detailed CB + DI + BOD
Living Document Through
Building Whole Life Cycle
Transparency of Design Decisions
Removes “Grey” Areas
Removes Wiggle Room
Sustainable Building Logbook
Design Record
Construction Record
Operation Record
Provenance of Performance
Develop A Building Standard
Owner’s Standards For
Equipment and Systems
Simple Systems & Equipment,
Standardize Equipment
Minimize O & M,
Minimize Remodeling
Building Com ponent Longevity,
Stuart Brand’s Book
M echanical System Com ponent
Longevity & Energy Use
Energy M aster P lans - EM P for Building W hole Life Cycle
Energy,
Maintenance,
Productivity
US Energy Use:
Buildings 47%,
28% Transport, 25% Food/Ind.
P assivHaus is Building Only
EMP is for
Whole
Building
Plus
Occupants
Energy
Uses
Whole Facilities, Communities
Strategies for Energy
Work with Climate:
Passive + Active/Passive
Integrate with Building & People
Use Ambient Temperature Systems
Minimize Cooling/Heating Demand,
Eliminate Fossil Fuel Demand
P assive Strategies
Building Orientation and Shape
Insulation and Airtight Building
Envelope
Resilient Envelope for Longevity
and Climate Change
New Energy Sustainability
P rotocol
Estimate Future Available
Total Energy (FATE) From
Clean, Renewable Sources
This Is Your Energy Budget
P rinciples of Net Zero Energy
1. Accounting
Assess Future Available Total
Energy (FATE)
This Limits Facility Energy Use:
Plus Repay Embedded Energy,
Portion of Transport and Food.
Calculating
Future Available Total Energy
(FATE)
Horizontal & Vertical Solar,
Geothermal Heat Exchange,
Biodigesters,
Wind,
Hydro
Radiant Ceiling Cool & W arm
K iel M oe’s Book : Therm ally Active Surfaces in Architecture
Radiant vs A/ C
K iel M oe’s Book : Therm ally Active Surfaces in Architecture
Radiant Ceiling,
Low Level Air Supply
Displacem ent Ventilation
Small Quantity, High Quality
Needs Heating And Cooling
M ost Overlooked Strategy:
M in Energy, M ax P roductivity
W ith Hum idity Control
Std A/C Performance:
50%(70%) Summer, 15% Winter
Productive Performance:
40% Summer, 35% Winter
Not Just Comfort, For Health
Liquid Desiccant System
3/10 Times More Efficient Than A/C
Uses Heat (Free) To Dehumidify
M ax im ize P roductivity
- W hole Therm al Analysis Radiant Cooling/Warming,
Air Temp Follows
Great Humidity & Ventilation
Quality and Control
10% Productivity Increase From
Thermal Environmental Control
M EASURE 2 System s
0.05 - 0.6cfm/ft2 100% Outside Air,
Desiccant, Energy Recovery, Radiant
M EASURE 2 System
0.05-0.6cfm/ft2 100% Outside Air,
Desiccant Humidity Control,
Radiant Temperature Control
85°F Warming, 65°F Cooling Fluid
10°F ∆T to 75°F Comfort Temp
M EASURE 2 System
Use Ground Heat Exchange For
All Cooling and Pre-Warming
Use Solar Thermal for Warming
and Desiccant Dehumidification
Cooling/ W arm ing Source
P iping & Ducting System s
(Infrastructure)
Can Last 20 to 100 years
Uses 50% System Energy
Costs 50% Installation Cost
Costs 75% Remodeling Costs
Arbitrary Selection Process
P ipes Vs Ducts:
Therm al Transport Efficiency
1” Pipe = 12” Duct
1/2
1 ” Pipe = 20” Duct
21/2” Pipe = 40” Duct
Pipes Use 12% of Duct Space
Pumps Use 12% of Fan Energy
Range of P um p Energy Use
Std P iping VFD Energy Use: 50% - 80%
Std P iping Low Load P um p: 20%
R everse R eturn: 8% - 20%
Std A/ C Com fort I ndex
10% Humidity + 25% Convection
+ 10% Radiation
= 45% Comfort Index
M EASURE 2 Com fort I ndex
25% Humidity + 25% Convection
+ 40% Radiation
= 90% Comfort Index
Double The Com fort
Std A/ C M aintenance I ndex
Hidden Moving Parts In Ceilings,
Complicated Systems,
Components and Controls
M EASURE 2 M aintenance I ndex
All Moving Parts in Plant Rooms,
Uncomplicated Parts and Systems
1/ 4 M aintenance
Standard A/ C Energy I ndex
100% Air System: Fans, Pumps,
Electrical Refrig, Gas Boilers.
Peak Demand = 5X Low Load
= 100% Energy Index
M EASUR E 2 Energy I ndex
Radiant + Desiccant: Pumps, Fans,
Grnd Ht Ex + Solar = No Demand
4% Energy Use I ndex
M EASURE 2 M echanical System
Installation Cost Savings:
MEASURE2 System Costs 35% Less
Than Fan Assisted VAV
Extra Costs:
Geothermal Wells, Solar Panels:
Energy Payback <5 years
Overall Payback <3 years
Current Situation:
When the temperature reaches
100˚F, the hum of air
conditioning systems fill the air
while straining the electric grid
beyond capacity, causing
brownouts and blackouts.
Cars and trucks choke the air in
towns and cities.
Current Situation:
Politicians and energy
companies want to develop a
smart electric grid and build
more power plants, increasing
greenhouse gas emissions
A Vision of the Future:
Now let us envision a world 20
years from now when most
Office Parks, Universities,
Hospitals, Communities and
Towns are electricity
generators rather than users,
and all transport runs on
cleanly generated electricity.
A Vision of the Future:
The electric grid distributes
electricity from sustainable
buildings to energy intensive
buildings and transportation, and
vehicles are recharged overnight.
Greenhouse gasses are reduced
by over 90%.
A Vision of the Future:
It is better to plan and try to
develop a 100% reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions and
fail by a few percentage points
than aim for a 50% reduction
and meet the goal.
A 50% reduction is not enough.