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A M ethodology to Develop a Sustainable, High P erform ance Building Envelope BEST 3, Atlanta, April 2012 Grahame E. Maisey, P.E. W e’re Going To R eveal New Sustainable Truths and Ex pose Old Bogus Truths W e Have Developed NEW P rotocols For Sustainability: Energy, M aintenance and P roductivity (Com fort & Health) AND Docum entation Defining Term s Sustainable: 1. Able to be Maintained 2. Maintain the Environment High Performance: Provide Superior Effectiveness and Functions Typical 100 Yr Design Strategy Plan and Design for Today’s Energy Costs and Energy Resources Plan and Design for Yesterday’s (Historic) Weather Ignore Long-Term Operation & Maintenance Costs, Not Our Concern Occupant Comfort and Productivity is a Secondary (if any) Consideration Global Resource Funnel, Shrinking Resources The Natural Step TNS Back-Casting Envelope M aster P lanning End-Goal P erform ance Net Zero Energy, Triple Life Cycle Length, Reduce O & M Costs by 75%, Preventive Maintenance Optimize Comfort/Productivity Envelope M aster P lanning Envelope M aster P lanning Envelope M aster P lanning Hum an Therm al Com fort Building Envelope System s Complete envelope analysis: Foundation; Basement; Walls; Roof. Components in each section Building Envelope: Foundation Support for present and future structure; Connection with the earth; Physically; Thermally Building Envelope: Basem ent Connection with the earth; Physically; Thermally. Light wells for Natural Lighting Building Envelope: W alls Wall Areas, Windows, Entrances R20 Windows, R40 Glazing in 5 years Entrance Lobbies w/Walk-Offs Building Envelope: Roofs Flat and Sloped Connection with the Sky; Thermally; Light Wells, Solar & Rain Collection An I nconvenient Truth … M any Buildings Are Rusting Aw ay W hy Buildings Are Rusting Aw ay W hy Buildings Are Rusting Aw ay Building Envelope QA/ QC Separating responsibility of envelope components will cause commissioning dilemmas. Bundle systems together for responsible contractor testing. Building Envelope Sustainability Cradle to Cradle Analysis: Material Resources; Energy; Longevity; Performance; Maintainability Building Envelope High P erform ance Life Cycle Analysis: Resilience; Energy; Maintenance Building Envelope System s 100 Year Old Technology Vapor Barrier on Warm Side Insulation With Heat Bridges Plan for 50 Years Life Cycle, Not 300 Years P assivHaus Building Envelope Building Envelope Developm ent for Today and Tom orrow Performance in Hot and Cold Climate Air/Vapor Barrier Toward Middle of Insulation. Double Wall Construction, Offset Structural Members P assivHaus Building Envelope for Hot and Cold Clim ate Building Envelope P erform ance for USA, Today and Tom orrow Many areas of the USA have more severe weather than Europe: = PassivHaus Plus Consider the next 3, 7, 15 and 30 years and PassivHaus Plus will make economic sense Building Envelope P erform ance for USA, Today and Tom orrow Increased comfort can be calculated to equal extra cost of building envelope Mechanical system size reduction is cost savings Long-lasting systems reduce maintenance, remodeling costs Building Envelopes for the Nex t 100 - 300 Year Buildings Plan for 150MPH winds minimum. Hurricanes and Tornadoes are Likely in about everywhere in the next 100 years Plan for seismic events, 7 to 9R, “Fracking” is causing quakes and disturbances Building Envelopes for the Nex t 100 - 300 Year Buildings Floods and high rain events, move from 2”/Hr for 2 hours to 12”/Hr for 1 hour A 300 Year Life Cycle guarantees numerous disastrous events, so prepare Building Envelopes for the Nex t 100 - 300 Year Buildings New Technology, Materials and Manufacturing Techniques Manufactured sections with windows, integrated services I nex pensive Solution PassiveHaus Plus, 40% Less $$’s Offset Studs. Resilient Air/Vapor Barrier with Radiant Foil on Both Sides I nex pensive Solution PassiveHaus Plus, 40% Less $$’s Graphite/Fiberglass Offset Studs with Resilient Air/Vapor Barrier Toward Middle of Insulation W indow s R20 Windows in 5 Years Vacuum in triple glazed spaces (R40) 65mm, 2.5” frames, Perhaps 100mm, 4” frames Entrance System s Lobby to isolate entrance, minimize air movement (large lobby can include walk-off) Large rotating doors similar to airport doors, with lobby so we need two doors Enable reduction in electrical use in supermarkets by 75% to 80% P lotting Tem ps Through Building Envelopes Two slides to follow plotting potential dry bulb and dewpoint temperatures through wall and roof structures This help determine position of vapor/air barriers P lotting Tem ps Through Building Envelopes Two slides to follow plotting potential dry bulb and dewpoint temperatures through wall and roof structures This help determine position of vapor/air barriers I nform ation and Data Life Blood of Planning, Design And Construction; And O & M; And Remodeling Assuring Building P erform ance Analysis, Evaluation, .. Documentation Expert Knowledge, Methods and Procedures .. BI M , P roject Collaboration and Docum ent M anagem ent These documents manage information and data development and flow Experts need to examine validity of data New Docum ent P rotocol The Detailed Design I ntent Detailed CB + DI + BOD Living Document Through Building Whole Life Cycle Transparency of Design Decisions Removes “Grey” Areas Removes Wiggle Room Sustainable Building Logbook Design Record Construction Record Operation Record Provenance of Performance Develop A Building Standard Owner’s Standards For Equipment and Systems Simple Systems & Equipment, Standardize Equipment Minimize O & M, Minimize Remodeling Building Com ponent Longevity, Stuart Brand’s Book M echanical System Com ponent Longevity & Energy Use Energy M aster P lans - EM P for Building W hole Life Cycle Energy, Maintenance, Productivity US Energy Use: Buildings 47%, 28% Transport, 25% Food/Ind. P assivHaus is Building Only EMP is for Whole Building Plus Occupants Energy Uses Whole Facilities, Communities Strategies for Energy Work with Climate: Passive + Active/Passive Integrate with Building & People Use Ambient Temperature Systems Minimize Cooling/Heating Demand, Eliminate Fossil Fuel Demand P assive Strategies Building Orientation and Shape Insulation and Airtight Building Envelope Resilient Envelope for Longevity and Climate Change New Energy Sustainability P rotocol Estimate Future Available Total Energy (FATE) From Clean, Renewable Sources This Is Your Energy Budget P rinciples of Net Zero Energy 1. Accounting Assess Future Available Total Energy (FATE) This Limits Facility Energy Use: Plus Repay Embedded Energy, Portion of Transport and Food. Calculating Future Available Total Energy (FATE) Horizontal & Vertical Solar, Geothermal Heat Exchange, Biodigesters, Wind, Hydro Radiant Ceiling Cool & W arm K iel M oe’s Book : Therm ally Active Surfaces in Architecture Radiant vs A/ C K iel M oe’s Book : Therm ally Active Surfaces in Architecture Radiant Ceiling, Low Level Air Supply Displacem ent Ventilation Small Quantity, High Quality Needs Heating And Cooling M ost Overlooked Strategy: M in Energy, M ax P roductivity W ith Hum idity Control Std A/C Performance: 50%(70%) Summer, 15% Winter Productive Performance: 40% Summer, 35% Winter Not Just Comfort, For Health Liquid Desiccant System 3/10 Times More Efficient Than A/C Uses Heat (Free) To Dehumidify M ax im ize P roductivity - W hole Therm al Analysis Radiant Cooling/Warming, Air Temp Follows Great Humidity & Ventilation Quality and Control 10% Productivity Increase From Thermal Environmental Control M EASURE 2 System s 0.05 - 0.6cfm/ft2 100% Outside Air, Desiccant, Energy Recovery, Radiant M EASURE 2 System 0.05-0.6cfm/ft2 100% Outside Air, Desiccant Humidity Control, Radiant Temperature Control 85°F Warming, 65°F Cooling Fluid 10°F ∆T to 75°F Comfort Temp M EASURE 2 System Use Ground Heat Exchange For All Cooling and Pre-Warming Use Solar Thermal for Warming and Desiccant Dehumidification Cooling/ W arm ing Source P iping & Ducting System s (Infrastructure) Can Last 20 to 100 years Uses 50% System Energy Costs 50% Installation Cost Costs 75% Remodeling Costs Arbitrary Selection Process P ipes Vs Ducts: Therm al Transport Efficiency 1” Pipe = 12” Duct 1/2 1 ” Pipe = 20” Duct 21/2” Pipe = 40” Duct Pipes Use 12% of Duct Space Pumps Use 12% of Fan Energy Range of P um p Energy Use Std P iping VFD Energy Use: 50% - 80% Std P iping Low Load P um p: 20% R everse R eturn: 8% - 20% Std A/ C Com fort I ndex 10% Humidity + 25% Convection + 10% Radiation = 45% Comfort Index M EASURE 2 Com fort I ndex 25% Humidity + 25% Convection + 40% Radiation = 90% Comfort Index Double The Com fort Std A/ C M aintenance I ndex Hidden Moving Parts In Ceilings, Complicated Systems, Components and Controls M EASURE 2 M aintenance I ndex All Moving Parts in Plant Rooms, Uncomplicated Parts and Systems 1/ 4 M aintenance Standard A/ C Energy I ndex 100% Air System: Fans, Pumps, Electrical Refrig, Gas Boilers. Peak Demand = 5X Low Load = 100% Energy Index M EASUR E 2 Energy I ndex Radiant + Desiccant: Pumps, Fans, Grnd Ht Ex + Solar = No Demand 4% Energy Use I ndex M EASURE 2 M echanical System Installation Cost Savings: MEASURE2 System Costs 35% Less Than Fan Assisted VAV Extra Costs: Geothermal Wells, Solar Panels: Energy Payback <5 years Overall Payback <3 years Current Situation: When the temperature reaches 100˚F, the hum of air conditioning systems fill the air while straining the electric grid beyond capacity, causing brownouts and blackouts. Cars and trucks choke the air in towns and cities. Current Situation: Politicians and energy companies want to develop a smart electric grid and build more power plants, increasing greenhouse gas emissions A Vision of the Future: Now let us envision a world 20 years from now when most Office Parks, Universities, Hospitals, Communities and Towns are electricity generators rather than users, and all transport runs on cleanly generated electricity. A Vision of the Future: The electric grid distributes electricity from sustainable buildings to energy intensive buildings and transportation, and vehicles are recharged overnight. Greenhouse gasses are reduced by over 90%. A Vision of the Future: It is better to plan and try to develop a 100% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and fail by a few percentage points than aim for a 50% reduction and meet the goal. A 50% reduction is not enough.