Download May 31 - DePaul GIS Collaboratory

Geography 360
Principles of Cartography
May 31, 2006
Outlines
1. GIS data
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Data capture
Data format
Data manipulation
2. GIS software
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GIS software vendors
GIS software beyond ArcGIS
3. GIS for sustainability mapping
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Concepts of sustainability
Sustainability indicators
GIS for enhancing the understanding of
sustainability
Functionalities view of GIS
• One way of defining GIS would be based on
functionalities provided in GIS
• GIS is a system for
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Capturing (x)
Storing
Retrieving
Manipulating (x)
Analyzing
Displaying (o)
• Data which are spatially referenced to the Earth
Chorley 1987
We only looked at the “display” part of GIS from this course; what about others?
1. GIS data
How is geospatial data collected?
• Primary data capture
– Directly measured: Go out and survey; mostly it measures
distance or direction from control points; nowadays GPS is
increasingly replacing techniques required for ground surveying
– Indirect measured: Earth information can be collected without
physical contact like using camera mounted on aircraft or
electronic recording instrument; such a technique is called
remote sensing
• Secondary data capture
– If some data (directly unusable like it’s in analog form) is already
available, data can be converted into digital data through
scanning or digitizing
• Data transfer
– If some data (directly usable but in different file format) is already
available, only file conversion will be necessary
Typology of data collection method
Remote Sensing
Data capture
Data
collection
Primary
capture
Secondary
capture
Ground survey, GPS
Scanning
Digitizing
Data transfer
Difference between data capture vs. data transfer?
Difference between primary data capture vs. secondary data
capture?
In which method are these data sets created?: DOQ, DRG, DLG,
DEM…
Geographic data
Geographic Data
Spatial Data
Vector
data
Raster
data
Descriptive
Data
(Tabular data)
Tabular data
Spatial data
Vector data
Raster data
Different spatial file format
- Proprietary files -
• Vector format
– ESRI: Coverage, exchange file (.e00), .shp
– MapInfo: map info file (.mif)
– CAD-based: .dxf, .dgn, .dwg
• Raster format
– ESRI: Grid
– ERDAS Imagine: imagine file (.img)
– Standardized image file: gif, jpg, tiff, png, bil
What are commonly used data manipulation
methods as preliminary steps to mapping?
• Data format conversion
– Between descriptive data: ASCII file to tabular format
– Between spatial data: use import/export tool in s/w
• Converting non-spatial data to spatial data
– Geocoding
• Street address to real world coordinates
– Joining tabular data to spatial data
• Make sure common identifier is identical in value and field
type between tabular data and spatial data
What are commonly used data manipulation
methods as preliminary steps to mapping?
• Manipulating tabular data
– Field calculation
• Use pre-defined functions so that you can create a new value based on
formula
• +,-,/,*, left(), upper(), exp(), date(), value()…
– Selection query
• Use * (wildcard) for including a set of arbitrary strings
• Manipulating spatial data
– Conversion between different coordinate systems
• e.g. from geographic to SPC
– Conversion between spatial data type (point, line, polygon)
• e.g. creating centroid from areal data
– Conversion between spatial feature type (vector, raster)
– Geoprocessing: e.g. dissolve, clip, union, merge…
– Conflation (rubber-sheeting): combining data of different sources
2. GIS software
GIS vendor market share
GIS software by vendors
• ESRI
– ArcGIS ArcView: Data visualization, query, analysis, and integration capabilities
along with the ability to create and edit geographic data.
– ArcGIS ArcEditor: ArcView abilities + the power to edit features in a multi-user
geodatabase + allows the creation and editing of vector data formats
– ArcGIS ArcInfo: Functionality of ArcView + ArcEditor + advanced geo-processing
and data conversion capabilities. ArcInfo is composed of ArcInfo Desktop and
ArcInfo Workstation.
– ArcSDE : gateway to managing spatial data in a database management system
– ArcIMS: Foundation for distributing high-end geographic information systems
(GIS) and mapping services via the Internet.
• Intergraph
– Geomedia: GeoMedia offers a complete set of analysis tools to easily perform
expert, complex spatial analysis.
– Geomedia Professional: GeoMedia + smart tools to capture and edit spatial data.
It enables live connections to multiple GIS data warehouses simultaneously.
– Geomedia WebMap: Equivalent ArcIMS functions. Ability to read and write to
post in web both in Ethernet and Internet
GIS software by vendors
• Bentley
– Microstation Geographics V.8: Provides high- performance imaging to
convert maps and drawings, and to integrate aerial and other imagery
into map and spatial data sets. It also integrates with our other discipline
specific applications, such as Civil Engineering and Building Design, to
ensure a seamless solution that spans disciplines.
• AutoDesk
– MapGuide 6.3: AutoDesk MapGuide® 6.3 software helps you develop,
manage, and distribute GIS and design applications on the Internet or
your intranet, broadening access to mission-critical geospatial and
digital design data.
– MapGuide Server Mid-Tier : AutoDesk MapGuide Mid-Tier shares the
success of AutoDesk MapGuide, which is used to deliver location-based
information to hundreds of thousands of users worldwide. Has the
ability to distribute data for large-scale GIS uses.
http://www.pobonline.com/POB/Protected/Files/PDF/POB0605-GISsoftwareSurvey.pdf for
GIS software survey
Other specialized GIS software
• Satellite image processing
– ERDAS Imagine: file format change, image enhancement)
• Raster data analysis
– IDRISI: developed in Clark University, multicriteria analysis
• Transportation modeling/analysis
– TransCAD: create flow map, work with matrix data (or spatial
interaction data), can read/display transportation data
• Freeware
– CrimeStat: point pattern analysis
– GeoDa: exploratory spatial data analysis
– AND most of commercial GIS vendors have freeware (e.g.
arcreader) of limited functionalities
3. GIS for sustainability
Let’s recap the concept of sustainability
• Heightened awareness of the limit of the Earth’s capacity
to support human activities (social movement)
• So how can we ensure that our only planet will meet the
needs of present generation without compromising the
needs of future generation?
• For example, consider vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per
city.
• VMT has environmental (more gas emission), economic
(local economic development), and social (equity)
consequences. Sustainability cannot be understood by
one part separate from others
• VMT can be seen as a window that allows us to look into
the process of sustainability  sustainability indicator
Triple Bottom Line & View of
Sustainable Community
A view of community as three concentric circles:
the economy exists within society, and both the
economy and society exist within the
environment.
• Understanding the three parts and their links is
key to understanding sustainability
• It is about understanding the connections
between and achieving balance among social,
economic, and environmental pieces of a
community
What to be developed
What to be sustained
• Sustain: to continue
without lessening, to
nourish, to allow to
flourish
• Develop: to improve
or bring to a more
advanced state
National Research Council 1999
What are differences?
• Attribute
– any character of the world
– A.k.a. variable (social scientist’s term of attribute)
• Indicator
– a widely (publicly) understood measurement. For example,
temperature, or population counts.
– A quantitative or qualitative parameter which can be assessed in
relation to a criterion
• Index
– a set of indicators drawn together into a single number. An index
is commonly scaled from 0-100, but not always
What are criteria for good
sustainability indicators?
1.Does the indicator address the carrying capacity of the natural resources -- renewable and
nonrenewable, local and nonlocal -- that the community relies on?
2.Does the indicator address the carrying capacity of the ecosystem services upon which the
community relies, whether local, global, or from distant sources?
3.Does the indicator address the carrying capacity of esthetic qualities -- the beauty and life-affirming
qualities of nature -- that are important to the community?
4.Does the indicator address the carrying capacity of the community's human capital -- the skills,
abilities, health and education of people in the community?.
5.Does the indicator address the carrying capacity of a community's social capital -- the connections
between people in a community: the relationships of friends, families, neighborhoods, social
groups, businesses, governments and their ability to cooperate, work together and interact in
positive, meaningful ways?
6.Does the indicator address the carrying capacity of a community's built capital -- the human-made
materials (buildings, parks, playgrounds, infrastructure, and information) that are needed for
quality of life and the community's ability to maintain and enhance those materials with existing
resources?
Carrying Capacity: the population that can be
supported indefinitely by its supporting systems
From Hart 1999
What are criteria for good
sustainability indicators?
7.Does the indicator provide a long-term view of the community?
8.Does the indicator address the issue of economic, social or biological diversity in the
community?
9.Does the question address the issue of equity or fairness -- either between current
community residents (intra-generational equity) or between current and future
residents (inter-generational equity)?
10.Is the indicator understandable to and useable by its intended audience?
11.Does the indicator measure a link between economy and environment?
12.Does the indicator measure a link between environment and society?
13.Does the indicator measure a link between society and economy?
14.Does the indicator measure sustainability that is at the expense of another community
or at the expense of global sustainability?
Integrating (theme), Forward-looking (time), Distributional (space)
Organizing indicators
- DPSIR Framework • General framework for organizing information about
state of the environment
• The framework assumes cause-effect relationships
between interacting components of social, economic,
and environmental systems, which are
– Driving forces of environmental change (e.g. industrial
production)
– Pressures on the environment (e.g. discharges of waste water)
– State of the environment (e.g. water quality in rivers and lakes)
– Impacts on population, economy, ecosystems (e.g. water
unsuitable for drinking)
– Response of the society (e.g. watershed protection)
Jesinghaus 1999
Examples of DP Indicators
- What is causing the problems? • fossil fuel consumption (WRI 98)
• fossil fuel supply (OECD 98)
• urban traffic density as measured by car holdings per capita, vehicle
miles travelled by lane mile, average travel times and number of
vehicle trips (OECD Environmental indicators 97)
• economic growth (OECD 98)
• road traffic (OECD 98)
• emissions of SOx, NOX, VOCs,CO, PB,SO2 and particulate matter
less than 10 microns in diameter, by source (OECD 97)
• pollution loads (ESD 95)
• air emissions from private transport (as a share of total emissions,
and related intensities in kg per capita or per passanger-km and per
vehicle-km) (OECD 98)
• air emissions from residential energy use (as a share of total
emissions in %, and related intensitities in kg per capita and per
GDP) (OECD 98)
Examples of SI Indicators
- What is the situation with the issue? • number of days per annum that WHO standards are
exceeded, and average annual measured concentrations
for SO2, Nox, CO, O3, SPM, PB (UNCHS 1995)
• ambient air quality (ESD 97)
• cover of lichens on tree branches, concentration of
sulphur in needles (M.Hakanen 1995)
• population exposure to air pollution (OECD 98)
• number of days per year on which alarm levels are
exceeded and traffic circulation is stopped (European
foundation 98)
• acute respitory deaths defined as percentage of deaths
due to acute respiratory diseases (UNCHS 1995)
• damage caused by acid precipitation and deposition to
buildings and monuments, ecosystems (OECD 98)
Examples of R Indicators
- What is being done to fix the problems • regulations on emissions for new cars (OECD 97)
• emission standards used (ambient or tailpipe) (ICLEI 98)
• air quality standards used (local/regional/national/WHO)
(ICLEI 98)
• renewable energy usage defined as proportion of energy
derived from renewable sources (hydro, wind,
geothermal and solar electricity, combustion of animal
wastes, fuelwood where this is being replaced through
reforestation (UNCHS 1995)
• fuel price (UNCHS 95)
• expenditure on air pollution abatement and control
(OECD 98)
• capacity of air pollution abatement equipment (stationary
sources, motor vehicles) (OECD 98)
Integration of spatial data for
sustainability mapping in GIS
Thematic
integration
Geographic
integration
•
At one point in time
Locational framework can act as a glue that puts together related themes
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–
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Sustainability can be understood by examining relationships of all related themes, not by
examining one theme separate from other themes
Sustainability can be understood by examining connected geographic areas that reach
beyond a single jurisdiction (e.g. watershed analysis)
Sustainability can be understood by examining temporal behavior of the theme mapped