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PHOBIA and PERSONALITY DISORDER Report by Michelle V. Dayday II – AB Psychology PHOBIA is an irrational fear, a kind of anxiety disorder in which the individual has a relentless dread of a situation, living creature, place or thing. Individuals with a phobia go to great lengths to avoid a perceived danger which is much greater in their minds than in real life. If confronted with the source of their phobia, the person will suffer enormous distress, which can interfere with their normal function; it can sometimes lead to total panic. For some people, even thinking about their phobia is immensely distressing. A phobia starts when a person begins organizing their lives around avoiding the object of their fear. A phobia is much more serious than a simple fear. Sufferers have an overpowering need to steer clear of anything which triggers their anxiety. Causes of Phobias It is unusual for a phobia to start after the age of 30; most of them begin during early childhood, teenage years or early adulthood. They can be caused by a stressful situation or experience, a frightening event, or a parent or household member who has a phobia which the child becomes progressively aware of. Common causes of Phobias These usually develop when the child is between four and eight years of age. In some cases it may be the result of something that happened early in life. The trigger might have been an unpleasant experience in a confined space, which festered and developed into claustrophobia over time. As mentioned above, witnessing a family member's phobia is a common cause for phobias which started during childhood. A kid whose mother suffers from arachnophobia is much more likely to develop the same phobia as well. Experts stress that phobias picked up from parents are learned fears - they are not genetically inherited. Symptoms of Phobias Phobic symptoms can occur through exposure to the fear object or situation, or sometimes merely thinking about the feared object can lead to a response. Typical symptoms associated with phobias include: • Dizziness, trembling and increased heart rate • Breathlessness • Nausea • A sense of unreality • Fear of dying • Preoccupation with the fear object Types of Phobias The American Psychiatric Association categorizes phobias into three different types: Social phobias involve a fear of social situations. Such phobias include an extreme and pervasive fear of social situations. Agoraphobia involves a fear of being trapped in an inescapable place or situation. As a result, the phobic individual may begin to avoid such situations. Specific phobias involve the fear of a particular object (such as snakes). Such phobias typically fall into one of four different categories: situational, animals, medical, or environmental. Examples of the four major types of specific phobias: •The natural environment: Fear of lightening, water, storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, mudslides, etc. •Animal: Fear of snakes, rodents, spiders, dogs, birds, etc. •Medical: Fear of seeing blood, receiving injections, visiting a doctor, etc. •Situational: Fear of bridges, leaving the home, driving, etc. How Prevalent Are Phobias? Phobias are quite common, affecting more than 10% of the U.S. population. Phobias are the most common mental disorder in the United States, but far more women than men are affected by phobias. Treatments for Phobias There are a number of treatment approaches for phobias. The effectiveness of treatment depends on the individual and the type of phobia. These are just a few potential phobia treatments: In exposure treatments, the patient is exposed to the fear object in order to help them overcome their fear. Acrophobia - Fear Of Heights is occasionally confused with vertigo which is a physical condition that leads to disorientation or dizziness when looking down from a huge height. Unlike specific phobia such as aerophobia – fear of flying as well as other phobias, acrophobia could get a person fearing of various things related to being far from the ground. Basing on the severity of phobia, a suffer might equally fear climbing on the ladder or being on a high floor. Claustrophobia - Fear Of Enclosed Spaces This is among the most common phobias. It could range from mild to severe. In the severe case, sufferers will develop fear of closing a bedroom door. Also, a lot of sufferers find their claustrophobia is particularly triggered by some common situations like entering the elevator or riding an aircraft. Nyctophobia - Fear Of Dark This is one of the most common phobias in kids. In the older children and matures, this phobia could become crippling. Nevertheless, most individuals still retain a little bit of fear of the dark through their lives. In fact, this fear might be evolutionary in nature because a lot of predators hunt in the dark at nights. As a consequence, darkness is a used element in horror movies as well as Halloween events. Ophidiophobia - Fear Of Snakes This phobia might be the most popular subcategory of fear of reptiles. The symptoms of this phobia vary widely among sufferers. For those with mild severity, they might fear just encounters with venomous snakes. If the condition is more severe, they might be afraid of smaller snakes. You might not be able to look at the photos and even television shows in which snakes are shown. Arachnophobia - Fear Of Spiders This is a common animal phobia that suffers often fear of spider webs. So, they will ensure that they will not be exposed to spiders. As a result, they will avoid participating in the activities in nature like camping or hiking that have the high risk of being exposed to spiders. Trypanophobia - Fear Of Medical Needles Or Injection This is a medical phobia and affects approximately 10% of Americans. This disorder is referred to as “needle phobia” in general. The symptoms do not vary. Sufferers might dread going to medical care centers for medical care, especially injections. When they are required to experience one medical procedure, they will be likely experience high blood pressure and an increased heart rate in many hours and even days before the procedure. Nevertheless, at the time of the procedure, the blood pressure might quickly drop. You even faint. Astraphobia - Fear Of Lightning And Thunder This is a popular fear among many kids. Storms and thunders are natural phenomena which tend to inspire extreme emotions in both human beings and animals. Some individuals love to watch directly them through the window or doorway while some hide in somewhere. The severity is varied which is similar to those of many other phobias, including shaking, sweating, and crying out. You might seek such a constant reassurance during the storm. Mysophobia - Fear Of Germs This intense fear refers to the unhealthy fear of contamination. It is prudent and normal to be concerned about those problems like cross-contamination of daily foods, exposure to the others’ bodily fluids and keeping good hygiene. Nevertheless, if you have mysophobia, these simple concerns tend to become overblown. In fact, mysophobia is thought to be associated with OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder). The common symptom of this phobia is the high frequency of hand washing. Amaxophobia - Fear of Riding in a Car is an intense fear of sitting or traveling in any type of moving vehicle. While somewhat rare, phobias of this type are particularly debilitating in today’s world. Since the condition impacts the ability to travel in just about any form other than walking, people who suffer with amaxophobia are often confined to home or limit their movements to locations that are within easy walking distance of the home. Hemophobia – Fear of Blood An abnormal and persistent fear of blood. Sufferers of this very common phobia dread the sight of their own blood, the sight of the blood of another person or an animal, and sometimes printed or filmed images of blood or even thoughts of blood. Blood may remind them of their own vulnerability to injury and of the eventuality of death. Coulrophobia – Fear of Clowns The word Coulrophobia means a persistent and irrational fear of clowns. It possibly originates from Greek Kolon meaning stilt or stilt-walkers which are often used by clowns. Cynophobia - Fear of Dogs This phobia is often associated with specific personal experiences, such as being bitten by a dog during childhood. Such events can be quite traumatic and can lead to fear responses that last well into adulthood. Philophobia - Fear of Love Phobia The word originates from Greek “filos” which means ‘loving or beloved’. Individuals who suffer from this phobia fear romantic love or forming emotional attachments of any sort. As far as unusual phobias are concerned; Philophobia certainly ranks high in the list. PERSONALITY DISORDER Personality Disorder are a group of mental illnesses. They involve long-term patterns of thoughts and behaviors that are unhealthy and inflexible. The behaviors cause serious problems with relationships and work. People with personality disorders have trouble dealing with everyday stresses and problems. They often have stormy relationships with other people. What are the symptoms of Personality Disorder? They can mild or severe. People with personality disorders may have trouble realizing that they have a problem. To them, their thoughts are normal, and they often blame others for their problems. They may try to get help because of their problems with relationships and work. Treatment usually includes talk therapy and sometimes medicine. What causes Personality Disorder? There's no clear reason why some people develop a personality disorder and others don't. Most researchers think that a complex mix of factors is involved, such as: • The environment we grow up in • Early childhood and teenage experiences • Genetic factors How are Personality Disorder treated? There are a range of treatments that can help you if you experience a personality disorder: • Talking treatments • Medication • Having a say in your treatment Types of Personality Disorder Paranoid Personality Disorder You may: • Find it hard to confide in people, even your friends • Find it very difficult to trust other people, believing they will use you or take advantage of you • Watch others closely, looking for signs of betrayal or hostility • Read threats and danger – which others don’t see – into everyday situations Schizoid Personality Disorder You may: • Be uninterested in forming close relationships with other people, including your family • Feel that relationships interfere with your freedom and tend to cause problems • Prefer to be alone with your own thoughts • Choose to live your life without interference from others • Get little pleasure from life • Have little interest in sex or intimacy • Be emotionally cold towards others Schizotypal Personality Disorder You may: • Find making close relationships extremely difficult • Think and express yourself in ways that others find ‘odd’, using unusual words or phrases • Behave in ways that others find eccentric • Believe that you can read minds or that you have special powers such as a ‘sixth sense’ • Feel anxious and tense with others who do not share these beliefs • Feel very anxious and paranoid in social situations Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) • You may: • Put yourself in dangerous or risky situations. • Behave dangerously and sometimes illegally • Behave in ways that are unpleasant for others • Feel very easily bored and act on impulse • Behave aggressively and get into fights easily • Do things – even though they may hurt people – to get what you want, putting your needs above theirs • Have a criminal record • Feel no sense of guilt if you have mistreated others • Believe that only the strongest survive and that you must do whatever it takes to lead a successful life because if you don’t grab opportunities, others will • Have had a diagnosis of conduct disorder before the age of 15. Narcissistic Personality Disorder You may: • Believe that there are special reasons that make you different, • Better or more deserving than others • Have fragile self-esteem, • So that you rely on others to recognize your worth and your needs • Feel upset if others ignore you and don’t give you what you feel you deserve • Resent other people’s successes • Put your own needs above other people’s, and demand they do too • Be seen as selfish and ‘above yourself’ • Take advantage of other people Avoidant (or anxious) Personality Disorder You may: • Avoid work or social activities that mean you must be with others • Expect disapproval and criticism and be very sensitive to it • Worry constantly about being ‘found out’ and rejected • Worry about being ridiculed or shamed by others • Avoid relationships, friendships and intimacy because you fear rejection • Feel lonely and isolated, and inferior to others • Be reluctant to try new activities in case you embarrass yourself Dependent Personality Disorder You may: • Feel needy, weak and unable to make decisions or function properly without help or support • Allow others to assume responsibility for many areas of your life • Agree to things you feel are wrong or you dislike to avoid being alone or losing someone's support • Be afraid of being left to fend for yourself • Have low self-confidence • See other people as being much more capable than you are • Be seen by others as much too submissive and passive Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) You may: • Need to keep everything in order and under control • Set unrealistically high standards for yourself and others • Think yours is the best way of making things happen • Worry when you or others might make mistakes • Expect catastrophes if things aren’t perfect • Be reluctant to spend money on yourself or others • Have a tendency to hang onto items with no obvious value. 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