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MEMORY, COGNITION &
INFORMATION PROCESSING
http://library.hccs.edu/oer/StangorLamanetal.pdf
MEMORY
The ability to store and retrieve
information over time.
Key Terms
• Cognition*
• The process of acquiring and using knowledge:
thinking.
• Information Processing Theory *
• The mind is similar to a computer with input,
processing, and output.
• Reconstructive Memory *
• Memory is stored in pieces, and later put back
together using past & present information,
emotions, beliefs, bias. Eyewitness Testimony
Stages of Memory *
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Sensory memory *
Brief storage of sensory information
Iconic (visual) and Echoic (auditory)
Short term memory (STM) *
Small amounts of memory (5-9 bits)
Less than 1 minute (20-30 sec)
Working Memory *
Memory processes used in STM
Long Term Memory *
Storage of information, schemas*
Schemas = Pattern of knowledge to help
organize information. Memory (video)
Stage Model of Memory
Attention
Encoding
Sensory Memory Test
• Watch this video and follow instructions:
• Sensory to Short Term Memory: Attention
• For those who did not pay attention, what
factors contributed to this failure?
• Watch: Door Video. What is happening?
• What real-world situations might occur when
a failure of attention causes information be
lost before it reaches short term memory?
• What might the consequences be?
Long Term Memory *
• A. Explicit (Declarative) Memory *
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Knowledge or experiences that can be
consciously remembered.
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1. Episodic Memory *
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First hand experience (e.g. first date)
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2. Semantic Memory *
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Facts and concepts (e.g. presidents)
• B. Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory *
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Experience (procedural) e.g. riding a
bike, using a keyboard, swimming
Measuring Long Term Memory *
• Recall *
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Free recall – e.g. essay test (Discuss Thorndike’s
theory)
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Cued Recall – e.g. fill in the blank questions
(Thorndike proposed the law of ____).
• Recognition *
• Remembering previously seen information
• E.g. Multiple choice tests
• (Thorndike proposed the law of
a. effect b. behavior c. consequences d. averages)
Techniques to Improve Memory
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Maintenance Rehearsal *
Repetition; not very effective
Chunking * Chunking video
Remembering sets or groups. Increases capacity.
Elaborative encoding *
Relate to another memory.
Elaborative rehearsal *
• Study by finding more examples and using other
methods, e.g. Organization
• Mnemonic Devices *
• Memory aids, e.g. associations, rhymes, songs,
images, Method of Loci (place; story-telling)
• Self-referencing *
• Apply the material to yourself.
• Overlearning *
• Keep studying
• Spacing *
• Distributed better than massed practice; don’t cram
the night before test
• Forgetting Curve Video
Processing Memory
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Encoding *
Process of putting information into memory
Storage *
Physical memory connections in the brain
Retrieval *
Finding & taking information out of memory
Which is the real penny?
Which memory process failed:
encoding, storage or retrieval?
(declarative)
(nondeclarative)
Causes of Forgetting
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Decay Theory *
Applies to STM, not LTM
Encoding failure *
Information not stored properly; can’t find it
Retrieval Failure *
• Inability to bring information into working memory
• Tip of the tongue phenomenon
• Amnesia *
• Biological cause , e.g. disease, head injury
Forgetting, cont.
• Motivated Forgetting *
• Inability to encode or retrieve
memories due to anxiety.
• Biological theory v. Freud’s theory
• Interference *
• Retroactive Interference – new
learning impairs older memory
• Proactive Interference – Previous
learning interferes with new memory.
Biology of Memory
• Biology of Memory Video
How to Get the Most Out of
Studying: A Video Series
• http://www.samford.edu/how-tostudy/default.aspx
REFERENCES
• http://library.hccs.edu/oer/StangorLamanetal.
pdf
• powerpoint slides were created by Dr. Carol
Laman, HCC-SW Psychology Professor. HCC
Counselors have permission from Dr. Laman to
use these powerpoint slides.