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YEARS OF CRISIS Chapter 31 (p. 895- 921) Societal Changes After WWI Science- Einstein Psychology- Freud LiteratureExistentialism Arts- Surrealism, Jazz Societal Changes After WWI Women’s Roles Suffrage Education Jobs Societal Changes After WWI Technology Automobiles Airplanes Radio Film Postwar Europe Every European country is bankrupt U.S. & Japan are the only countries to emerge from WWI better off financially Postwar Europe New, unstable democracies Inexperienced Frequent changes Unstable Weimar Republic Germany’s post-war government Weaknesses: No strong Democratic tradition Too many political parties- no unity Germans blamed the Weimar government for failures of WWI German Inflation Currency lost value Burden of reparations War debt Example: Price of a Loaf of Bread: 1918- less than 1 mark 1922- more than 160 marks 1923- 200 billion marks The Dawes Plan Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact Treaty Promises: France and Germany will never again make war against each other Germany respects the existing borders of France and Belgium Germany is then admitted into the League of Nations Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact Problems: No means to enforce its provisions The League of Nations had no armed forces The refusal of the U.S. to join the League of Nations weakened it Financial Collapse U.S. Stock Market Crash- 1929 Great Depression Unemployment rates rise Production, prices, wages declined Spread globally Worldwide Financial Crisis Contributed to financial instability 5 coalition governments formed and fell in 1933 Britain, France, U.S., & Socialist countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway) had success with their attempts to address the problems Fascism Militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader No clearly defined theory or program Conditions in Italy Bitter disappointment over failure to win territorial gains at Paris Peace Conference (1919) Rising inflation Unemployment Social unrest Benito Mussolini Promised to rescue Italy by reviving economy & rebuilding armed forces Founded the Fascist Party in 1919 Began to gain support- especially from middle class March on Rome October 1922 Demanded King put Mussolini in charge of government King agreed Mussolini took power “legally” Il Duce The Leader Abolished democracy Political parties (except Fascists) outlawed Government censors Strikes outlawed Adolf Hitler Little known political leader Awarded Iron Cross twice for military service Nazi Party National Socialist German Workers’ Party Small right-wing political group German form of fascism Adopted the swastika as its symbol Set up a private militia- The Brown Shirts Der Fuhrer Hitler rises from organizer & speaker to party leader Attempts a march on Munich, fails, is jailed Mein Kampf Hitler writes in jail “My Struggle” Asserted German “master race” Versailles Treaty an outrage Vows to regain German lands Gain Lebensraum (“living space”) by conquering Europe Conditions in Germany When Hitler is released from prison: Great Depression has spread globally American loans stopped German economy collapsed Civil unrest Germans hope for security & firm leadership Hitler Becomes Chancellor Conservative leaders believe they can use Hitler for their purposes Urge President to name him chancellor Hitler came to power legally Elections Hitler calls for elections, hoping to win a parliamentary majority Fire in Reichstag building 6 days before elections- blamed on Communists Increasing fears Nazis & allies win elections with a slim victory Germany as Totalitarian State Banned political parties (except Nazis) Political opponents arrested SS (Protection Squad) created Gestapo- Nazi secret police Nazis Control Economy Banned strikes & dissolved labor unions Government authority over business & industry Unemployment rate drops Millions of Germans constructed factories, built highways, manufactured weapons, served in military Control over Life Press, radio, literature, painting, & film become propaganda tools Book burning Churches forbidden from criticizing Nazis Hitler Youth (Boys) & League of German Girls Jews Anti-Semitism a key part of Nazi ideology Jews less than 1% of population Nazis used them as scapegoats Increased Anti-Semitism across Germany Nazis deprived Jews of rights Violence against Jews increased Other Countries Fall to Dictators Only in Britain, France, & Scandinavian countries did democracy survive Many Europeans saw dictatorship as the only way to prevent instability Japan Becomes more democratic in 1920s Parliamentary system’s weaknesses: Strict limits on powers of prime minister & cabinet Civilian leaders had little control over armed forces Military leaders report only to emperor Militarists Take Control Goal: Restore traditional control of the government to the military Emperor becomes symbolic (Emperor Hirohito) Extreme nationalists- solve the country’s economic problems through foreign expansion Goal: Pacific Empire Japanese Invasions- Manchuria First direct challenge to the League of Nations Japan ignored protests Japan withdrew from League of Nations in 1933 Japanese Invasions- China Border incident turns into full-scale invasion China’s army no match for Japan’s China still split between Nationalists & Mao Zedong Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie appealed to the League of Nationsmembers only condemned the attack Britain and France thought if they gave in to Mussolini in Africa they could retain peace in Europe Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty Announced Germany would not abide by the treaty’s restrictions on the German military size League issued a mild condemnation This convinced Hitler to take greater risks… The Rhineland 30 mile-wide zone on either side of the Rhine river Forms a buffer between Germany and France Also an important industrial area German troops moved in- March 1936 Reaction French were stunned… but unwilling to risk war British suggested appeasement Hitler later admitted he would have backed down if the British and French had challenged him German reoccupation of the Rhineland marks a turning point in the march toward war Strengthened Hitler’s power and prestige Balance of power changed in Germany’s favor France and Belgium are now open for an attack Weak response by France and Britain encouraged Hitler to speed up his expansion The Axis Powers Rome-Berlin AxisHitler and Mussolini A month laterGermany makes an agreement with Japan The three form the AXIS POWERS Spanish Civil War 1931- Republic replaces monarchy 1936- Army leaders join General Francisco Franco in a revolt Hitler and Mussolini support Franco Other side had little support 1939- Franco becomes Spain’s first Fascist dictator Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace Britain and France repeatedly make concessions, hoping to keep peace U.S. follows isolationist policy November 1937- Hitler announces plans to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich Sudetenland Three million Germanspeaking people live in the western border regions of Czechoslovakia Heavily fortified area formed the main defense against German Hitler demanded the Sudetenland be given to Germany Same Old Story Treaty of Versailles prohibited a union between Austria and Germany Hitler sent his army into Austria and annexed it France and Britain ignored their pledge to protect Austrian independence Hitler turns to Czechoslovakia Czechs turn to France for help… Munich Conference Left to Right: Chamberlain (UK), Daladier (France), Hitler, Mussolini, Ciano (Italy) Munich Conference and After Britain and France agree to let Hitler have the Sudetenland as long as he promises to respect the new borders Less than six months after the meeting, Hitler seizes Czechoslovakia Soon after, Mussolini seized Albania Hitler Looks at Poland Hitler demanded that Poland return the former German port of Danzig (Polish Corridor) Poles refuse and turn to Britain and France for aid Appeasement had convinced Hitler that neither nation would risk war Nonaggression Pact between Germany & Russia