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Are All Dogs the Same? Dog Genome Project • Wayne & Ostrander 2007 • Why dogs? – Important species: • Lots of phylogenic diversity • Relatively known course of development – Can divide into segregated phenotypes that correlate with breeds Ontogeny of social behavior in Canids • Domestication results in both physical and behavioral changes • Physical changes include: – – – – Larger size variation: dwarf and giant Piebald coat color Reproductive cycle changes Changes in hair, shortened tails, floppy ears • Social changes: – Lack of development of fear to humans – Exhibiting play behavior in adulthood – Prolonged juvenile period Several close relatives • • • • Phenotypically divergent taxa (animals) Wolf Fox South-American canids (most close to current dogs genetically) • Current dogs most close relative: Grey wolf • Line of canids may go back as far as 50 million years • Current “dogs” about 150,000 years Modern breeds • Closed gene pools • Real breeding began in Victorian era – Selective breed breeding began – Huge phylogenic diversity • Result: loss of much of genetic diversity – More diversity across breeds – But less overall genetic diversity with other close relatives – In way: Breeds are becoming different “species” Organization of modern breeds • Distinct evolutionary hierarchy • Four primary groups • Most divergent of these groups = nine ancient breeds from Artic, Asia, Africa, Middle East • May be 5th “mountain dog” cluster • Most modern breeds = European – Share single exclusive common ancestor – Show little phylogenetic structure – This indicates recent origin and limited interbreed hybridization Why is this so important • Discovery of new disease genes – – – – – – Metabolic and endocrine disorders Blindness Cancer Deafness Hip dysplasia Osteoarthritis • Give distinct clues for human genetics and treatments of humans as well as dogs What about behavior • Just beginning to investigate behavior of dogs across breeds – Examine how breed and behavior correlate – Examine how behavior disorders interact with breed • OCD, separation anxiety, etc. The C-BARQ • James Hsu and his colleagues at the Center for the Interaction of Animals and Society of the University of Pennsylvania [35], [36]. • The C-BARQ®: Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire • Designed to provide dog owners and professionals with standardized evaluations of canine temperament and behavior. • Undergone extensive testing to establish reliability and validity using large samples of many dog breeds • The questions asked of dog owners target behavioral traits, aggression and general temperament of the dogs. C-BARQ subscales • 5 main subscales: – – – – – • Aggression Fear/anxiety excitability separation-related behavior Attachment Other subscales include – stranger-directed behavior – owner directed behavior – object-directed behavior. • Additional items on the questionnaire evaluate trainability • Also a subset of 21 items that appear to predict canine behavior but do not load on the main 5 subscales. C-BARQ • 101 items that ask owners to indicate how their dogs have responded “in the recent past” to a variety of environmental events and stimuli. • Owners use a series of 0–4 rating scales. • The wording of individual rating scales differs depending on the questions. • For example, – owners may be asked to note the frequency of a behavior (0 = never, 1 = seldom, 2 = sometimes, 3 = usually, and 4 = always) – quality of the behavior (0 = no signs of the behavior, 1–3 =mild to moderate signs of the behavior, and 4 = severe signs of the behavior). • A brief explanation is included for the qualitative items (e.g., “Typical signs of moderate aggression in dogs include barking, growling, and baring teeth. More serious aggression generally involves snapping, lunging, biting, or attempting to bite”. Genetics of deaf dogs: Australian Shepherds Genetics of Deaf Dogs: Solid x Solid • Male Red Factored black dog • Carries one gene for black (which shows) • Carries one gene for red (hidden) • Is Bb :(phenotypically black, but heterozygous) • Female Solid Red dog is bb • Pups can only get b gene from her • Homozygous in genotype and phenotype • Resulting litter of puppies should be half red and half black • • All of the blacks will be red factored Impossible to get a merle pup. Merle x Solid • Male Blue Merle Dog • One merle (M) gene, one solid gene (M) • Each pup gets one or the other • Female Solid Black • No merle gene: is mm • Only give pups solid color gene • Half the pups will be merle, half will be solid Merle x Merle • Male Red Merle Dog • One merle (M) gene, one solid gene (M) • Each pup gets one or the other • Female Red Merle Dog • One merle (M) gene, one solid gene (M) • Each pup gets one or the other • Double merle pups now show up: 1 in 4 or about 25% Farmer-Dougan, et al. • Study of deaf/blind vs. typical dogs • Used the C-BARQ survey instrument – Added questions on age, breed, deafness or other disability, and training • Online survey – International – Owners of 183 congenitally deaf/blind dogs • 98 congenitally deaf/hearing impaired • 32 congenitally blind/low vision dogs • 53 congenitally deaf/blind dogs – 277 dogs with no disability How categorize data? • collapsed into 4 hierarchical grouping defined by distinct genetic units: – – – – Ancient/Asian, Herding, Hunting Mastiff. • These groupings are based on their finding that dog breeds express specific phenotypic traits and vary in behavior and the incidence of genetic disease that may be categorized based upon genomic-wide scans linking breeds within a group. How analyze data? • A multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted on the data using the 5 breed categories and disabled/typical categorization as the independent variables. • The dependent variables included in the analysis included – age – the 5 scales of the C-BARQ (aggression, anxiety, separation anxiety, excitement, and attachment) – the 20 miscellaneous subscales (e.g., chases cats, stares at invisible objects) that do not load on the 5 major factors but do appear to be related to behavioral differences across dogs Demographic Data Table 2. Demographic data from survey. Data represent the percentage of respondents each category of age and the dog’s role in the home. Age: 6 mos-1 yr 1 to 3 yrs 3 to 5 yrs 5 to 7 yrs 7 to 9 yrs 9 to 11 yrs Older than 11 yrs Deaf/Blind Typical 0.08 0.25 0.19 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.11 0.02 0.14 0.21 0.15 0.16 0.11 0.21 Deaf/Blind Typical 0.97 0.01 0.02 0.97 0.01 0.02 Dog’s role in home: Family pet Working dog Therapy dog Groupings of Dogs Results Table 4. Means and standard errors for deaf/blind and typical dogs for each of the 24 miscellaneous categories. Deaf Dog Behavior category Chases cats Chases birds Chases rabbits Rolls in feces Eats feces Chews inappropriate objects Inappropriate mounting Inappropriate begging Stealing Refuses stairs Pulls hard on leash Urinates on objects Urinates when approached Urinates when left alone Defecates when left alone Highly active Stares at invisible objects Snaps at invisible objects Chases own tail Chases Shadows Barks excessively Excessive licking of self Excessive licking of people Other repetitive behavior 1 Typical dog Mean s.e. Mean s.e. p< 1.31 1.15 1.49 .105 .097 .116 1.70 1.38 2.23 .091 .083 .094 .072 .230 .000* .68 .76 1.02 .14 1.04 .75 .49 .96 .19 .03 .27 .23 .73 1.80 1.82 .71 .28 .32 .42 .70 .51 .081 .082 .087 .037 .087 .082 .078 .078 .045 .017 .048 .047 .072 .087 .092 .081 .060 .063 .072 .072 .067 1.08 .92 .60 .19 1.28 .89 .51 1.16 .15 .06 .24 .19 .49 1.52 1.54 .38 .15 .17 .10 .63 .56 .069 .069 .051 .034 .074 .065 .066 .067 .030 .020 .042 .035 .051 .070 .075 .046 .031 .031 .026 .057 .056 .003* .012* .006* .461 .425 .909 .957 .932 .144 .763 .635 .828 .334 .281 .083 .122 .120 .046* .003* .586 .911 Conclusions • data clearly demonstrate that deaf/blind dogs as a group is highly trainable are less likely to show increased aggression, separation anxiety, and excitability or attachment issues. • Indeed, the current data set suggests that these dogs are less aggressive and less excitable than hearing/seeing dogs. • It is hoped, then, that the present data set – will alter the advice provided by veterinarians, animal behaviorists, or others who may counsel owners and breeders of deaf, blind or deaf/blind dogs; and – provide the necessary scientific evidence to alter the position of the AKC and breed specific groups which promotes euthanasia of these dogs. • In place of a euthanasia policy, it is hoped that the AKC and related organizations would emphasize adoption of these dogs, and alter their policy to allow deaf, blind or deaf/blind dogs to enter obedience, rally obedience and agility competitions just as they have allowed mixed breed dogs in the agility and obedience ring. To do otherwise is discriminatory, unscientific, and unethical.