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How was political consensus established between 1945 and 1955? Learning objective – to be able to explain how post war political consensus was established. I can describe the key features of post war British political consensus. Grade D I can explain why post war British political consensus was established. Grade B I can explain and assess the reasons why post war British political consensus was established. Grade A Starter – What is the message of this cartoon? Why did Labour win by a landslide in the 1945 General Election? The First Past the Post System worked in favour of Labour and distorted their vote. Conservatives associated with the hardship of the years of Depression and the failure of appeasement. Conservatives led a poor election campaign. Labour were seen as dynamic and promising welfare reform. Key Labour ministers in War Cabinet were seen to perform well. Churchill was seen as a weak peacetime leader. Where did post war consensus fit on the political spectrum? Economically, political consensus was towards the moderate left with a commitment to full employment and nationalising key industries. Foreign policy, however, was more towards the right with a commitment to a nuclear deterrent and confronting the USSR in the Cold War. Why was there a political consensus? The experience of the Second World War was critical in the establishment of a political consensus in a number of ways – The National Government proved the Ministers from rival parties could work together and that a broad agreement on key policies could be reached. Success of collectivism – an approach where certain problems are tackled by taking away some rights for the common good. • Attlee’s establishment of a mixed economy to curb the excesses of socialism and capitalism was acceptable to many. • Several of the leading Conservatives, such as Eden and MacMillan, were progressive and committed to improving the lives of the population. How did Attlee’s government establish a ‘middle way’? Between 1946 and 1951, Labour nationalised key industries, such as coal, steel, public transport and gas. The aim of nationalising the key industries were – Improve efficiency of failing industry. Improve industrial relations. Place service above profit. Create full employment. • This approach was central to a managed mixed economy which was supported by the establishment of The Economic Planning Council in 1947 which oversaw production and imports. • This was underpinned by Keynesian economic theory – in hard times governments should borrow and spend more money to stimulate a recovery. How did Attlee’s government establish a ‘middle way’? Economic recovery was a key priority of the Attlee government and to aid this a period of austerity was enforced. Control measures such as rationing of food and fuel was implemented until 1954. Wages caps were unofficially in place with the agreement of the Trade Unions. Economic controls, such as interest rates, levels of rents and profits, were used to prevent excesses in spending. What key welfare reforms did the Attlee government introduce? Using the Beveridge Report as a bedrock, the Attlee government implemented a series of welfare legislation that were central to political consensus. The main parts of the welfare programme were – The National Insurance Act – this extended the original 1911 Act. The Industrial Injuries Act – which cover for accidents in the workplace. The National Health Service Act – which created the NHS providing health care free at the point of service. The Education Act – passed in 1944 but implemented by the Attlee government. The National Assistance Act – established boards to investigate cases of hardship. The Family Allowances Act – provided financial support to families. Why did Labour lose votes in the 1950 and 1951 General Elections? Growing dissatisfaction over continued rationing. Austerity wasn’t being perceived as bringing economic recovery quickly enough. Taxation at 45% at a standard rate was seen as too high. Labour Ministers were tired, beginning to divide and were disillusioned. Conservatives were seen as a united party – particularly over the nationalisation of iron and steel which impressed the electorate. Also, 1950 saw an influx of bright young Conservative politicians. ‘Butskellism’ – the high point of post-war political consensus? The 1951-64 Conservative governments largely accepted Labour’s post war welfare reforms and approach to managing the economy along Keynesian lines. Such was the closeness of the economic policies of Labour and Conservative governments of the 1950s, The Economist coined the phrase ‘Butskellism’ to describe this consensual approach. ‘Butskellism’ came from the names of the Conservative Chancellor, R. A. Butler, and the Labour leader, Hugh Gaitskell. Task Stick a copy of this comic strip on a piece of card and annotate it by adding relevant details beside each panel. Use the PowerPoint presentation to help you. Task Design a mind map outlining the development of the post war political consensus. Remember – To include colour, key words and images. To include the key features of political consensus. To include the reasons why it existed and continued beyond 1951. Extension task Prepare an essay plan for the following question – ‘The most important reason why political consensus was established by 1951 was the experience of the Second World War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Plenary – My Brain Subheading – My Brain Draw an outline of your brain. Fill your drawn brain with all the things you have learnt in this lesson. This can be in the form of key words, drawings, bullet points, lists – anything you like so long as it summarises your learning and that others can understand it.