Download 2.1 Species and populations

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-ADAPTATIONS THAT PROTECT PLANTS FROM BEING EATEN INCLUDE
SPINES, THORNS, TOUGH LEAVES AND PROTECTIVE CHEMICALS
- STRATEGIES THAT HELP ANIMALS AVOID
BEING KILLED AND EATEN INCLUDE FLIGHT,
ASSOCIATION IN GROUPS, CAMOUFLAGE, &
MECHANICAL/CHEMICAL DEFENSES
(SEE NEXT SCREEN)
WARNING COLORATION:
WARNING TO OTHER ANIMALS THAT THEY
POSSESS CHEMICAL DEFENSES
WHAT IS MIMICRY?
Non-Poisonous
(King Snake)
Poisonous 
(coral snake)
Rattle snakes can sense
heat through pits in their
heads.
Scorpions can kill prey
with their stinger &
venom.
Big teeth & claws assist
catching prey. Horns
help defend prey attack.
Do I need to explain?
Insect killed by plant
poison.
There is a spider in
there…. Do you see
it?
Change
color throughout
the year to help
blend in.
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK!
Notice the “Lag Time” between populations.
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NO!
YES!
NO TWO SPECIES CAN SHARE EXACTLY THE SAME NICHE!
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biological
constraints
(competition)
restrict organisms to
their realized niche:
the resources an
organism or
population actually
uses.
Species cannot
coexist in a
community if their
niches are
identical.
Theoretical
Actual
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LIMITING FACTOR PRINCIPLE
LIMITING FACTOR PRINCIPLE: TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE OF ANY
ABIOTIC FACTOR CAN LIMIT OR PREVENT THE GROWTH OF A
POPULATION.
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LIMITING FACTORS IN TERRESTRIAL BIOMES:
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TEMP, WATER, LIGHT, SOIL
TOO LITTLE PRECIPITATION (DESERT)
LIMITING FACTORS IN AQUATIC BIOMES:
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TEMP, SUNLIGHT,
DISSOLVED OXYGEN, NUTRIENTS, SALINITY
DEEPER WATER HAD COLDER TEMP, MORE OXYGEN,
LESS SUN
• INTER-SPECIFIC
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COMPETITION BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT SPECIES.
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CARDINALS & FINCHES BOTH COMPETE FOR THE SAME BIRD SEED
• INTRA-SPECIFIC
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COMPETITION BETWEEN TWO INDIVIDUALS
OF THE
SAME
SPECIES
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A BIG CARDINAL & A LITTLE CARDINAL FIGHT FOR THE SAME BIRD
SEED
The competition that occurs
between two species.
Competition regulates the
size of each population and
changes the relative
population density over time
due to competition for
resources.
The extinction of a local population due to
direct competition with another species for
resources.
P. caudatum is excluded by P. aurella over time due to
competitive exclusion.
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1.
2.
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4.
5.
6.
Which ecosystem has higher richness?
Which ecosystem has higher evenness?
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Grand Canyon
World Isolation
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MORE
CLOSE TO
LOW
STABLE
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• POPULATION ECOLOGY
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LIMITING
FACTORS
• POPULATION DENSITY
• BIRTH RATE (B)
• DEATH RATE (D)
• GROWTH RATE (R)
NATURAL INCREASE
• DISPERSAL
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IMMIGRATION (I)
EMIGRATION (E)
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BIOTIC POTENTIAL
INTRINSIC RATE OF INCREASE
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• LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS
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EXPONENTIAL GROWTH…
BIOTIC POTENTIAL
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RESISTANCE
ENVIRONMENTAL
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CARRYING CAPACITY (K)
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•J-shaped curve
•Exponential Growth
•S-shaped curve
•Logistic Growth
Biotic Potential?
Environmental Resistance?
SHOW FLUCTUATIONS!
SHOW FLUCTUATIONS!
COULD CRASH !!!
WHY would
this happen?
Resources
are
exhausted!
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NO!
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OTHER SPECIES
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4B – 16B
REVIEW!!!
•______________ Model?
•_____-shaped curve?
•Caused by ___________?
•Exponential Model
•J-shaped curve
•Caused by Biotic
Potential
Are these realistic?????
•Logistic Model
•S-shaped curve
•Caused by Biotic
Potential & Environmental
Resistance
LIMITING FACTORS AFFECT POP. SIZE
• DENSITY-DEPENDENT FACTORS
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EFFECTS OF THE FACTOR ARE CHANGED WITH A CHANGING
POPULATION SIZE
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EXAMPLES:
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DISEASE
COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES (FOOD, SPACE, ETC)
PREDATOR-PREY
RELATIONSHIPS
• DENSITY-INDEPENDENT FACTORS
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EFFECTS OF THE FACTOR ARE UNCHANGED WITH A CHANGING
POPULATION SIZE
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EXAMPLES:
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TYPICALLY ABIOTIC FACTORS
RANDOM WEATHER
EVENTS
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Moose over K
Moose inc. due to
few predators
Canine
Parvovirus
Moose dec.
due to being
over K –
Lack of Food!
DD or DI?
Wolves inc. due
to more food
Wolf dec.
due to less
food
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R STRATEGISTS
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K STRATEGISTS
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R
HIGH GROWTH RATE
POP. IS NEAR
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K
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K
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• TYPE I
• TYPE II
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• TYPE III
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SURVIVORSHIP CURVES
REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES