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Chapter 22
Dictators Defy the League of Nations
 Meiji
Period – modernization &
westernization
 Spread of militarism after WWI
 Wanted to dominate the Asian “Sphere of
Influence”
 Imperialist expansion
 Hideki Tojo – military-style dictator
Japan
expands
in Asia
 1911
overthrow of the Manchu Dynasty
 Chinese republic – Sun Yat-sen, organizer
of the Kuomintang or Nationalist Party.
 Chiang
Kai-shek
leads after Sun Yatsen dies.
 Civil
war breaks out
when communists
under Mao Zedong
challenge the
Nationalist Republic.
 The
two sides suspend their civil war
when Japan takes advantage of the strife
to invade China in 1937.
 They join together to fight Japan, but
Japan is prepared and strong.
 U.S. sends aid through the “Flying
Tigers.”
 League of Nations condemns the invasion
but has no enforcement authority.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I36cglDOtJg
 Italy
is forever trying to return to the
glory of the Roman Empire.
 Expand by invading Ethiopia which had
defeated Italy in the 19th century.
 Italy had advanced weapons; Ethiopia
didn’t.
 League of Nations imposed economic
sanctions, but to no real effect.
 Hitler
has established the Third Reich.
 Sought lebensraum – “living space” for
the Aryan nation.
 Rebuild German military; establish draft
 Seize & fortify the Rhineland.
 France was upset but did nothing to
intervene.
Photo: www.bbc.co.uk
 Rome-Berlin
Axis
1936
 Line not a partition
but an axis around
which all European
states can revolve.
 Anti-Comintern Pact
(Germany & Japan)
 Axis Powers
 GERMANY
 ITALY
 JAPAN
 Fascist
Francisco
Franco revolted
against Spain’s
republican
government. (1936)
 Supported by
Germany & Italy
 Tried out new
weapons and tactics.
Guernica, Picasso’s depiction of
the Spanish Civil War
 Anschluss
is
forbidden by the
Treaty of Versailles.
 1938 Hitler demands
a Nazi chancellor for
Austria & gets one.
 New chancellor
“requests” Hitler to
send German troops
to “reestablish
order.”
 Sudetenland
with
many German
speakers, some of
whom had fled Nazi
aggression.
 Hitler demanded it.
 Neville Chamberlain,
PM of Britain tries to
resolve.
Hitler promises not to
make further territorial
claims.
 Munich Conference,
September 1938
 Chamberlain and the
French PM Daladier
give the Sudetenland
to Hitler.
 Note: Czechoslovakia
had no representation
at the conference.

Chamberlain & Hitler @ Munich 1938
Chamberlain justified
appeasement, claiming
victory because they
had avoided war.
 Winston Churchill
said it was a total
defeat and would lead
to European
subjugation by the
Nazis.

Winston Churchill
A
week after Munich,
Hitler demanded the
“Polish Corridor.”
 British and French
resist and agree to
defend Poland. They
also get Russia to
agree.
 Hitler expected them
to give in since they
had before.
Axis Successes
 WWII
begins with the German invasion
of Poland.
 Britain & France declare war on
Germany.
 Hitler took Poland in less than 4 weeks.
 How?
 Panzers
– tank
divisions
 Wehrmacht –
German Army
 Blitzkrieg – lightning
warfare, fast and
decisive strikes
 Luftwaffe – German
air force
 After
the takeover of Poland, a lull or
“sitzkrieg” (sitting war) occurred in
which neither side launched an offensive.
 April 1940 Germany attacked Denmark
and Norway to prevent England and
France from using them as bases.
 The “Fifth Column” or traitors helped the
Nazis take Denmark & Norway.
 Maginot
Line
 Germans simply trek through the
Ardennes Forest using blitzkrieg. (map
page)
 Allies are pushed back to Dunkirk.
 Miracle at Dunkirk (page )




Many French flee to
Britain in the Dunkirk
evacuation.
French government
under Field Marshal
Henri Petain surrenders
on June 22, 1940.
Most of France is
occupied by Nazis
Southern France is
governed by Petain for
the Germans at Vichy.
(Vichy France)
 Mussolini
invades
Egypt and is
repelled.
 Hitler sends in help:
Field Marshall Erwin
Rommel, the Desert
Fox.
 Lacks supplies but
almost conquers
Alexandria, Egypt.
Erwin Rommel
 Day
bombing
 Night bombing
 Total warfare – targeting civilians in cities
 Narnia clip
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ0fGS
01Pdg
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsKD
GM5KTBY Our Finest Hour – Churchill
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkTw
3_PmKtc&feature=related Fight them on
the Beaches… - Churchill
 Gave
Britain 50 WWI
destroyers
 Lend-Lease Act 1941
 Atlantic Charter (see
text page 581)
 Germany
could not manage to defeat the
British navy or gain control of the French
navy, whose ships had been scuttled or
captured by the British so they Germans
couldn’t get them.
 An invasion of a well-defended island
would be difficult without a strong navy.
 Ultimately, Hitler chose not to invade
Britain after he had bombed it because
he turned his attention to Russia.
Invasion of Russia
 German-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact
1939.
 Germany invaded one part of Poland and
Russia invaded the other.
 Germans
betrayed the Russians.
 Spring 1941 invasion.
 Reasons:
• Lebensraum
• Oil
 Nazis
underestimated the Russians.
 Russian industry
 Length of time it would take
 Russian winter
 German army unprepared
 Russians
retreat before the Germans.
 Scorched earth tactics
 Russian casualties: 4-5 million by
December
 Germans almost reached Moscow.
 Winter arrived first.
 -40 degrees fahrenheit
 Stalingrad
– Russians are heavily
assaulted but refuse to surrender.
 Russians defeat the Germans after
months of fierce fighting.
 Russians began receiving supplies from
the other Allies through Iran, which
helped them greatly.
 United
States held the Philippines, Guam,
Hawaii, and some other small Pacific
islands.
 Japanese could not dominate Asia with
the U.S. presence in the Pacific.
 Plan to cripple the U.S. fleet so Japan
could gain dominance.
 Japanese
were angry at U.S. interference
with their plans in China.
 They were also offended by the embargo
the U.S. had placed on Japan preventing
the country from getting badly needed
oil. (Typically viewed as an act of war)
 December
7, 1941 surprise attack.
 Battleships damaged and destroyed.
 Airfields wrecked.
 Aircraft carriers are out to sea instead of
in port.
 Caused
the American people to support
U.S. entry into WWII.
 President Roosevelt makes his “date
which will live in infamy” speech.
 Congress officially declares war on
Japan.
 Germany & Italy declare war on U.S.
 Japan had “awakened a sleeping giant.”
North Africa to Italy
 Monty
(British
General Bernard
Montgomery)
defeated the Nazis in
North Africa in 1942.
 U.S. sent forces to
Algeria to defeat the
Nazis under the
command of General
Dwight D.
Eisenhower.
 First
invaded the island of Sicily under
Eisenhower.
 Mussolini resigned.
 Allies land on mainland Europe in the
Italian peninsula in Sept. 1943.
 Italy surrenders, but German troops keep
fighting in Italy.
 Mussolini
was captured then rescued by
the Nazis.
 Then Italian partisans who opposed the
Nazis recaptured Mussolini and executed
him.
From Britain to Normandy
 Casablanca
in January 1943 – Churchill &
Roosevelt
 Tehran in late 1943 – “Big Three”
Churchill, Roosevelt, & Stalin
 Decide to demand the unconditional
surrender of Germany.
 Decide that U.S. & Britain would retake
Europe through France and that USSR
would close in on Germany from the east.
 Operation
Overlord – Allied plan to
invade France and begin the reconquest
of Europe.
 Fake landing site @ Calais.
• Dummy bases
• Dummy tanks
• Dummy invasion force
• False messages
• Naval maneuvers off Calais
 Real
landing @ Normandy’s beaches.
 Five beaches
• Omaha – U.S.
• Utah – U.S.
• Sword - British
• Gold - British
• Juno - British
 D-Day
– June 6, 1944
 Bombed the coastal targets
 Thousands of ships
 Paratroopers dropped behind enemy
lines
 Help of the French Resistance
Massive invasion force: 1 million men;
177,000 vehicles; 500,000 tons of supplies
 Allied
victory seemed assured, but the
Germans continued to resist for another
year.
 Why?
• “Miracle weapons:” V-1 rockets, jet aircraft,
promise of the atomic bomb
• Expected division among the Allies
• Nazi fear of Communism strengthened the
German resistance.
Island to Island
 After
Pearl, Japanese attack Pacific
islands.
 Philippines
 Outnumbered, Americans try to defend a
small section @ Luzon.
 Put up a strong defense, but ultimately
captured.
.
 General
Douglas MacArthur escapes at
the orders of President Roosevelt.
 “I shall return.”
 Troops forced to march some 70 miles
under inhumane conditions. Hundreds
die along the way.
 “Bataan Death March”
 The
Japanese capture many Pacific
islands:
• Hong Kong
• Malaysia
• Singapore
• Burma (not an island, but a British colony in SE
Asia)
• Dutch East Indies
 Japanese
get over-extended.
 U.S. war production gets up to speed.
 U.S. starts to advance across the Pacific.
 Battle
of the Coral Sea
• Prevented the Japanese from invading Australia
• First naval battle in history in which the ships
involved never saw each other.
• Why?
 All the damage was done by aircraft launched from
carriers.
 Battle
of Midway Island
• Midway Island is about in the middle of the
•
•
•
•
Pacific.
Japanese were planning to attack the U.S. bases
there.
U.S. broke the Japanese codes and launched the
offensive first.
U.S. gained a decisive victory.
Turning point in the war: Japanese never went on
the offensive again.
 U.S. begins
its island-hopping campaign.
 Recaptures islands held by Japanese
 Skips some islands; takes the ones which
make good airbases.
 Trying to get within bombing reach of the
Japanese mainland.
 War
in the Pacific was brutal.
• Banzai charges
• Kamikazi pilots
• Japanese refusal to surrender
• Surrender = Loss of honor/face
• Better to commit suicide or die fighting
 General
MacArthur fulfills his promise.
 Returns to liberate the Philippines in fall
of 1944.
 1945
Successes
• Iwo Jima: sulfurous island described by Marines
as hell on earth. 216 Japanese finally surrender
after two months of brutal fighting. They
originally has 21,000-23,000 troops on the
island.
• Okinawa: puts our bombers within reach of the
Japanese mainland. (Map p. 591)
U.S. Marines raise the U.S. flag on Iwo Jima.
 1943-44
Soviets push the Germans back
toward Germany.
 As they go, they establish communist
totalitarianism over the formerly Nazi
dominated areas they have “liberated.”
 Allied
troops liberate Paris.
 Bombing of German cities.
 http://video.pbs.org/video/1405744809/
 By
December 1944 the Allies reach the
border of Germany.
 Germany’s last advance: The Battle of the
Bulge
 Big Three
@ Yalta (Crimea)
• Germany to pay reparations
• German war criminals to be tried in court
• German military disarmed and disbanded
• German divided into zones of occupation
• Stalin & USSR to join the effort against Japan.
 Eisenhower
orders allied troops to halt at
the Elbe River.
 The Big Three had agreed at Yalta to
allow the Russians to move into Berlin.
 April 30, 1945 – Hitler commits suicide.
 May 7, 1945 – Germans surrender.
 May 8, 1945 – VE Day (Victory in Europe)
 Allies
liberate the concentration camps.
 They realize the extent of the holocaust.
Liberation of Dachau
29 April 1945
 The Victorious
Allies meet again & issue
an ultimatum to Japan: Surrender or face
serious consequences.
 New Crew
• U.S. President Harry Truman
• U.K. PM Clement Attlee
• USSR Premier Josef Stalin
 Although
the war ended in Europe, the
war in the Pacific continued.
 U.S. incendiary bombing of Tokyo.
 One night 80,000 people died.
 Japan refused to surrender.
Incendiary bombing
of Tokyo
 Allies
dreaded invading Japan.
 They had been so fierce in resisting in
the Pacific islands.
 They would rather die than surrender.
 They had prepared their civilian
population to resist an Allied invasion.
 Prediction of a million Japanese
casualties and perhaps that many Allied
casualties.
 Development
of the atomic bomb.
 Hope that it would shorten the war and
prevent the massive loss of life from
invasion.
 Dropped
on Hiroshima on Aug. 6, 1945
 70,000 people died.
Rubble of Hiroshima
 Japanese
still did not surrender.
 Second bomb dropped on Nagasaki on
August 8, 1945.
 Soviets declare war on Japan on Aug. 8.
Why?
 Japan
surrenders on August 14, 1945.
 They ask only that their Emperor Hirohito
retain his throne.
General MacArthur and
Emperor Hirohito
 V-J
(Victory in Japan) Day: September 2,
1945
 World War II ends.
 San
Francisco Conference of the Allied
Powers in 1945.
 Fifty governments agree to form the
United Nations.
 Purpose: maintain international peace &
security.
 United
Nations headquarters is in New
York City.
 Organized
into 3 major bodies:
• Secretariat – headed by the Secretary-General;
administration
• General Assembly – representative body which
debate world issues annually
• Security Council – executive power with 5
permanent members (US, Great Britain, France,
China, Russia) and 10 nonpermanent members.
 Also
has a bureaucracy made up of
special agencies
• World Health Organization
• UNESCO
• International Labor Organization
• UNICEF
• Etc.
 No
more world wars so far
 Threat of M.A.D. (mutually assured
destruction) may have been more of a
preventer of war than the U.N.
 Matthew
5:9
Blessed are the peacemakers, for they
will be called children of God. ---Jesus
 John 14:27-28
 Peace I leave with you; my peace I give
you. I do not give to you as the world
gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled
and do not be afraid. ---Jesus
 Isaiah
9:7
Of the greatness of his government and
peace there will be no end. He will reign
on David’s throne and over his kingdom,
establishing and upholding it with justice
and righteousness from that time on and
forever. The zeal of the LORD Almighty
will accomplish this.