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Hitler recognised the vital importance of using propaganda in achieving and maintaining control / good propaganda provided a simple message repeated often "it must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over" March 1933 Gobbels appointed Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda The Nazis used propaganda to denigrate their opponents, to indoctrinate, to enforce conformity A common form of propaganda. The Nazis preferred use of visual images rather than written word. Dramatic images and giant lettering offered audiences an immediate and simplistic message. Posters Used in a variety of ways: to celebrate Nazi achievements, glorify the Fuhrer, promote membership of Nazi organisations, reinforce stereotypical images of Jews, raise morale during the war Gobbel's aim was to control existing newspapers and to promote the Nazi Party's own propaganda newspapers. October 1933 'Editors' Law' called for 'racially pure' journalism - led to closure of Jewish, Communist and socialist newspapers. Editors were restricted in what they could publish Newspapers December 1933 state press agency (the DNB) set up to monitor all news material. Daily press conferences held to publicise Nazi views on current events Gobbels realised that an intelligent readership would not put up with a relentless diet of crude propaganda so allowed some liberal newspapers to exist and to express mildly dissident views e.g. Berliner Tegeblatt . Other newspaper blatantly pro-Nazi e.g. Der Sturmer and Volkischer Beobachter . Central role of press was not so much to convert dissidents, as to reinforce the prejudices of believers Typical questions: Assess how successfully the Nazis used the radio (or the press or film or some other form of propganda) as a means of control in Nazi Germany in the period 1933-45. Any such question is likely to expect you to make a comparison between the role of propaganda and the role of terror as a means of control The Nazis were quick to see the propaganda potential of this new technology. Germany had largest radio audience in Europe in 1930s. Government produced the 'People's radio' costing 35 Reichsmarks to encourage people to have a radio in their home Radio Communal listening in factories, schools, offices and shops encouraged and sometimes enforced / loudspeaker pillars erected in public places and large gatherings During the war, listening to foreign broadcasts became a capital offence Hitler's radio broadcast following failure of July bomb plot 1944 was critical in undermining the rebels and restoring confidence in the regime Film provided the Nazis with the ideal medium to spread its ideology Film Director Leni Riefenstahl produced a number of powerful propaganda films e.g. Triumph of the Will about the Nuremburg Rally, Olympia about the Olympic Games. Film also played a key role in de-humanising Jews e.g. The Eternal Jew and Jud Suss. Films was also used to encourage nationalism and militarism (as preparation for war and keeping up morale during the war) Methods Events Ritual A key feature of Nazi propaganda was the orchestration of grandiose events e.g. a ceremonial torch-lit march through the Brandenburg Gate to celebrate Hitler's appointment as Chancellor A masterpiece of Nazi propaganda was the success of the Olympic Games in 1936 Religious Holy Days were replaced by a series of festival or celebration days e.g. Seizure of Power Day, Nazi Party Foundation Day, Anniversary of the Munich Putsch, thus marginalising traditional Christian practices The role of propaganda The indoctrination of young people was the primary objective of the dictatorship Jewish and left-wing teachers were dismissed A new syllabus was introduced which marginalised religious education and gave more time for physical education Control in Nazi Germany See separate mindmap The role of terror Boys and girls were taught some different subjects Propaganda and youth All subjects, especially History and Biology, had to be taught in a way that conformed to Nazi ideology e.g. History taught the past military glories of the German nation and warned of a Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy. Biology was used to demonstrate the survival of the fittest and superiority of the Aryan Race Special elitist schools - Adolf Hitler Schools - were established to train the political leaders of the next generation The Hitler Youth was set up to indoctrinate young people in their leisure time. Boys joined the Hitler Youth and were trained to be fearless soldiers. Girls joined the German Maidens and were taught to be wives and mothers. membership was compulsory from 1936 Music Cultural propaganda Art Focus on German music and composers e.g. Beethoven and Wagner played / Mendelssohn and Mahler not played / used to make Germans feel superior and invincible / jazz denounced as decadent Modern art rejected as decadent / artists encouraged to glorify the German nation, heroism and family / Hitler was the subject for many works of art - portrayed as solitary, resolute and god-like Architecture Reflected Hitler's personal tastes / favourite architects = Paul Ludwig Troost (designed the Reich Chancellery) and later Albert Speer (designed the Olympic Stadium) Hitler was able to get a propaganda advantage from his popular policies e.g. ............. Reducing unemployment / workers welfare & leisure organisations (Strength through Joy / Beauty of Labour) Popular policies Challenging Versailles (restoring German pride) e.g. rearmament / Anschluss Financial incentives for mothers / families Hitler Youth activities The effectiveness of Nazi propaganda depended upon the issue, the audience and the year. It was very important in helping to legitimise the Nazi take over of power in 1933 - the emphasis being on it being a 'legal' seizure of power Anti-semitic propaganda was successful to the extent that it eroded sensitivities so that the political and economic marginalisation of Jews had become taken for granted by 1938 How successful was Nazi propaganda? Even when the war began to go badly many German people did not personally blame Hitler - propaganda ensured that the majority of German society followed the regime unquestioningly There were also limitations, however e.g. there was no enthusiasm for the Anschluss in 1938 or for war during the Sudetenland crisis. Many Germans were appalled by the violence of Kristallnacht. As the war progressed and defeat became more inevitable the credibility of Nazi propaganda was undermined Control in Nazi Germany (Propaganda).mmap - 24/11/2009 -