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RFID ACCESSING SYSTEM USING ARM PROCESSOR By – G. Rajesh (07811A0442) G. Prudhvi Raju (07811A0443) K. Sunil Varma (07811A0457) E. Sandeep Kumar (07811A0432) CONTENTS Embedded systems Microcontroller vs Microprocessor Microcontrollers for Embedded Systems ARM processor Features of ARM processor LPC2119/LPC2129 Features of LPC2119/LPC2129 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) RFID Reader Power Supply Advantages& Disadvantages Conclusion References EMBEDDED SYSTEMS We are living in the Embedded World. You are surrounded with many embedded products and your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets. Embedded controllers carryout a specific work for which they are designed. Most of the time, engineers design these embedded controllers with a specific goal in mind. So these controllers cannot be used in any other place. Theoretically, an embedded controller is a combination of a piece of microprocessor based hardware and the suitable software to undertake a specific task. MICROCONTROLLER VS MICROPROCESSOR Microprocessors contain no RAM, no ROM, and no I/O ports on the chip itself. For this reason, they are commonly referred to as generalpurpose Microprocessors. A Microcontroller has a CPU (a microprocessor) in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and a timer all on a single chip. In other words, the processor, the RAM, ROM, I/O ports and the timer are all embedded together on one chip; therefore, the designer cannot add any external memory, I/O ports, or timer to it. MICROCONTROLLERS FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS An embedded system product uses a microprocessor (or Microcontroller) to do one task only. In an Embedded system, there is only one application software that is typically burned into ROM Each one of the output peripherals has a Microcontroller inside it that performs only one task. For example, inside every mouse there is a Microcontroller to perform the task of finding the mouse position and sending it to the PC. ARM PROCESSOR The ARM processor core is a key component of many successful 32-bit embedded systems. ARM cores are widely used in mobile phones, handheld organizers, and a multitude of other everyday portable consumer devices. Over one billion ARM processors had been shipped worldwide . FEATURES OF ARM PROCESSOR The ARM processor, like all RISC processors, uses a load-store architecture. This means it has two instruction types for transferring data in and out of the processor. Since the ARM core is a 32-bit processor, most instructions treat the registers as holding signed or unsigned 32-bit values. The ARM core uses the cpsr to monitor and control internal operations. The cpsr is a dedicated 32-bit register and resides in the register file. The processor mode determines which registers are active and the access rights to the cpsr register itself. There are seven processor modes in total: six privileged modes (abort, fast interrupt request, interrupt request, supervisor, system, and undefined) and one nonprivileged mode (user). The state of the core determines which instruction set is being executed. There are three instruction sets: ARM, Thumb, and Jazelle. The ARM instruction set is only active when the processor is in ARM state. To execute Java bytecodes, you require the Jazelle technology plus a specially modified version of the Java virtual machine Interrupt masks are used to stop specific interrupt requests from interrupting the processor. LPC2119/LPC2129 The LPC2119/LPC2129 are based on a 16/32 bit ARM7TDMI-S™ CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, together with 128/256 kilobytes (kB) of embedded high speed flash memory. A 128-bit wide memory interface and a unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb® Mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty. With a wide range of additional serial communications interfaces, they are also suited for communication gateways and protocol converters as well as many other general-purpose applications. FEATURES OF LPC2119/LPC2129 16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package. 16 kB on-chip Static RAM. 128/256 kB on-chip Flash Program Memory. 128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz operation. In-System Programming (ISP) and In-Application Programming (IAP) via on-chip boot-loader software. Flash programming takes 1 ms per 512 byte line. Single sector or full chip erase takes 400ms. Embedded ICE-RT interface enables breakpoints and watch points. Interrupt service routines can continue to execute while the foreground task is debugged with the on-chip RealMonitor™ software. Two 32-bit timers (with four capture and four compare channels), PWM unit (six outputs), Real Time Clock and Watchdog. Up to forty-six 5 V tolerant general purpose I/O pins. Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins available. On-chip crystal oscillator with an operating range of 1 MHz to 30MHz. Dual power supply: • CPU operating voltage range of 1.65 V to 1.95 V (1.8 V 0.15 V). • I/O power supply range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V - 10 %) with 5 V tolerant I/O pads. LIQUID CRSYTAL DISPLAY The liquid crystal display driver circuit consists of 16 common signal drivers and 40 segment signal drivers. When the character font and number of lines are selected by a program, the required common signal drivers automatically output drive waveforms, while the other common signal drivers continue to output non-selection waveforms. The display contains two internal byte-wide registers, one for commands (RS=0) and the second for characters to be displayed(RS=1).It also contains a user-programmed RAM area (the character RAM) that can be programmed to generate any desired character that can be formed using a dot matrix RFID READER The RFID Proximity OEM Reader Module has a built-in antenna in minimized form factor. This LF reader module with an internal or an external antenna facilitates communication with Read-Only transponders—type UNIQUE or TK5530 via the air interface. Reads the Same Data in Tag (Last 8 Digits ) Input Power Supply DC 12volts LED/Beeper indicates tag reading operation Compact size and cost-effective POWER SUPPLY DESIGN Voltage Regulator is used to provide a constant voltage. When the current in the regulator gets heated up so a heat sink is used which reduces the heat and saves the regulator from damage. Two diodes are used as a rectifier to convert pulsating DC to constant DC. ADVANTAGES Provides a security system which needs no manpower to look after. Very less maintenance cost. disadvantages Anyone can enter the secured room with a lost RFID card. High initial cost. CONCLUSION Security is a primary concern in our day-to-day life. Everyone wants to be as much secure as possible. An access control for doors forms a vital link in a security chain. The RFID and Microcontroller based security system can be adopted at various applications and are very useful in providing an excellent security system. REFERENCES ‘The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems’ by Muhammad Ali Mazidi. ‘ARM system developer Guide’ by Andrew N. Sloss. www.atmel.com www.analogicgroup.com www.philips.com www.nxp.com www.gsmworld.com