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Diversity of Life
- Animals(General Features)
What makes an animal an animal?
1.
All animals are multicellular
2.
Heterotrophic
All animals must ingest food to obtain at least some of their organic
molecules.
Major Features of Animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
Major Features of Animals
1. Symmetry
1.
2.
3.
4.
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
3 basic types (with one variation)
a. Asymmetry - no body symmetry
e.g. Sponges
Major Features of Animals
1. Symmetry -
1.
2.
3.
4.
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
3 basic types (with one variation)
b. Radial - an infinite number of planes of symmetry through the body
e.g. Sea anemone
1.
2.
3.
4.
Major Features of Animals
1. Symmetry -
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
3 basic types (with one variation)
b. Radial - Pentaradial - five planes of symmetry through the body
2
1
e.g. Sea star
5
3
4
Major Features of Animals
1. Symmetry -
1.
2.
3.
4.
3 basic types (with one variation)
c. Bilateral - one plane of symmetry through the body
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
Major Features of Animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
2. Tissues
Tissues - collections of specialized cells isolated from other cells by
membranous layers
Major Features of Animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Tissues
During embryonic development
- layers of tissue develop around the body
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
Major Features of Animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
2. Tissues
During embryonic development
- layers of tissue develop around the body
There can be two
or three
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Diploblastic
Triploblastic
Major Features of Animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
3. Body Cavities
Animals can have a fluid-filled space that separates the digestive
tract from the body wall
Ectoderm
Coelom
Mesoderm
Digestive
cavity
Endoderm
Triploblastic
Major Features of Animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
3. Body Cavities - There are three different kinds
Coelomate - the coelom is lined on both
sides with mesoderm
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
Major Features of Animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
3. Body Cavities - There are three different kinds
Coelomate - the coelom is lined on both
sides with mesoderm
Pseudocoelomate - the coelom
(= pseudocoelem) is lined on
one side with mesoderm
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
Major Features of Animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
3. Body Cavities - There are three different kinds
Coelomate - the coelom is lined on both
sides with mesoderm
Pseudocoelomate - the coelom
(= pseudocoelom) is lined on
one side with mesoderm
Acoelomate - there is no body cavity
between the digestive tract and body wall
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
1.
2.
3.
4.
Major Features of Animals
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
3. Body Cavities - There are three different kinds
acoelomate
pseudocoelomate
coelomate
Mesoderm on only one side of coelom
Mesoderm on both sides of coelom
Major Features of Animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
3. Body Cavities - There are three different kinds
Coelom
Major Features of Animals
4. Type of development
Fertilization
1.
2.
3.
4.
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
Major Features of Animals
4. Type of development
Fertilization
Cell begins cleavage
Two cell stage
1.
2.
3.
4.
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
Major Features of Animals
4. Type of development
Fertilization
Cell begins cleavage
Two cell stage
Four cell stage
1.
2.
3.
4.
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
Major Features of Animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
4. Type of development
Fertilization
Cell begins cleavage
Hollow ball
of cells
Two cell stage
Four cell stage
Blastula
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
Major Features of Animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
4. Type of development
Symmetry
Tissues
Body Cavities
Type of Development
Ball of cells
invaginates
blastopore
Fertilization
Cell begins cleavage
Hollow ball
of cells
Gastrula
Two cell stage
Four cell stage
Blastula
Major Features of Animals
4. Type of development
Cleavage
a. Cleavage
A fertilized egg will divide
Vertically
Radial
or on an angle
Spiral
Major Features of Animals
4. Type of development
a. Cleavage
Cleavage can be:
a.
Determinate - the ultimate fate of every
cell is known at the 4-cell stage
b. Indeterminate - the ultimate fate of every
cell is not known at the 4-cell stage
Cleavage
Spiral
Radial
Major Features of Animals
4. Type of development
Cleavage
b. Coelom formation
Remember the gastrula?
Coelom can begin formation
or
Schizocoely
Enterocoely
Coelom
formation
Spiral
Radial
Determinate
Indeterminate
Major Features of Animals
4. Type of development
c. Fate of the blastopore
Cleavage
Coelom
formation
blastopore
Blastopore can become the
mouth or the anus
Spiral
Radial
Determinate
Indeterminate
Schizocoely
Enterocoely
Major Features of Animals
Protostomes Deuterostomes
Cleavage
Spiral
Radial
Determinate
Indeterminate
Coelom
formation
Schizocoely
Enterocoely
Fate of blastopore
Mouth
Anus
Major Features of Animals
Protostomes
Molluscs
Annelids
Arthropods
Major Features of Animals
Protostomes
Molluscs
Annelids
Deuterostomes
Echinoderms
Chordates
Arthropods
Summary
1. Symmetry
-asymmetrical
-radial (+ pentaradial)
-bilateral
2. Tissues
-diploblastic
-triploblastic
3. Body Cavities
-acoelomate
-pseudocoelomate
-coelomate
4. Type of Development
a. Cleavage
- spiral or radial
- determinate or indeterminate
b. Coelom formation - schizocoely or enterocoely
c. Fate of blastopore - mouth or anus
Summary
1. Symmetry
-asymmetrical
-radial (+pentaradial)
-bilateral
2. Tissues
-diploblastic
-triploblastic
3. Body Cavities
-acoelomate
-pseudocoelomate
-coelomate
4. Type of Development
a. Cleavage
- spiral or radial
- determinate or indeterminate
b. Coelom formation - schizocoely or enterocoely
c. Fate of blastopore - mouth or anus
Protostomes
Deuterostomes