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Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. بســام كحـالــه.د Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 2: Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. Intel Processors History Year Microprocessor Address Bits Data Bits Transistors 1971 4004 12 4 2,300 1974 8080 16 8 6,000 1978 8086 20 16/8 29,000 1982 80286 24 16/8 134,000 1985 80386 32 32/16/8 275,000 1989 80486 32 32/16/8 1,200,000 1992 Pentium 32 32/16/8 3,100,000 1995 Pentium Pro 32 32/16/8 5,500,000 1997 Pentium II 32 32/16/8 7,500,000 1999 Pentium III 32 32/16/8 9,500,000 2001 Pentium 4 32 32/16/8 42,000,000 2004 Pentium 4 EM64T 64 32/16/8 125,000,000 2008 Core 2 Quad 64 32/16/8 820,000,000 2 / 12 Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. Microprocessor Architecture Microprocessor Address Register File ALU Data M E M O R Y 3 / 12 Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. Modes of Operation Real-Address Mode ● 20-Bit Address (1 MB Memory) ● 8/16-Bit Data ● 8/16-Bit Registers Protected Mode Virtual Mode System Management Mode 4 / 12 Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. Real Mode Registers Accumulator Register 8 Bits 8 Bits AH AL AX Base Register BH Count Register CH Division Register DH BL BX CL CX DL DX 5 / 12 Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. Real Mode Registers 16 Bits Source Index SI Destination Index DI Base Pointer BP Stack Pointer SP Instruction Pointer IP 6 / 12 Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. Real Mode Registers 16 Bits Code Segment CS Data Segment DS Extra Segment ES Stack Segment SS 7 / 12 Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. Real Mode Memory Segmentation Previous Microprocessors ● 8-bit Data, 16-bit Address ● 64 KByte Memory Space Overlapping ↓ 0FFFF 10000 ↓ Byte 64 K 1M Data Segment 00000 64 K Code Segment 1FFFF 8 / 12 Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. Real Mode Addressing 64 KB Segmentation ● 16-Byte Boundary Alignment ● Seg:Offset Notation Example: 20 Bits Segment Register + 0000 Offset Memory Address 9 / 12 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Princess Sumaya University Computer Engineering Dept. Flags Status Flags ● Carry (CF) ● Overflow (OF) ● Sign (SF) ● Zero (ZF) - - - - OF DF IF TF SF ZF - AC - PF - CF ● Auxiliary Carry (AC) ● Parity (PF) Control Flags ● Direction, Interrupt, etc. 10 / 12 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Princess Sumaya University Computer Engineering Dept. Intel 8086/8088 AH AL BH BL CH CL DH DL SI DI BP SP IP CS DS ES ALU Operations: ADD SUB MUL DIV INC DEC AND OR SS 11 / 12 Princess Sumaya University 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept. x86 Assembly Language Instruction Format Mnemonic Operands ● Mnemonic ● One or More Operands Machine Code Opcode Mode Operands Assembly Statement ● Label ● Instruction ● Comment 12 / 12 Princess Sumaya University Chapter 2 22342 – Computer Org. & Assembly Lang. Computer Engineering Dept.