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Vegetation Plot Management: A National Plots Database Demo John Harris - NCEAS Robert K. Peet - University of North Carolina Funding: National Science Foundation (DBI-9906838) Agenda: Over-Arching Concepts Project Overview · Impact · Database Design · System Architecture · Challenges Use-Case Example: Wisconsin Data Data Management Recommendations Future Directions The US National Plots Database Project organized and conducted by: Robert K. Peet, University of North Carolina Marilyn Walker, USDA Forest Service & U. Alaska Dennis Grossman, The Nature Conservancy / ABI Michael Jennings, USGS-BRD & UCSB John Harris, NCEAS Project supported by: National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis U.S. National Science Foundation USGS-BRD Gap Analysis Program ABI / The Nature Conservancy For Plot-Related Publications: - Reference to Accession Number in Plots Database. - Potential to Annotate Plots Stored in the Plots Database. Publication Project Impact Typical Vegetation Project Analysis Extraction Vegetation Data Export To Analytical Tools Including: - ArcView - Canoco Web-accessible Query Mechanism. Vegetation Database Workbench Software to Query Either the Central Vegetation Database or the Local Embedded Database. Complex Nested Queries Leveraging Logical and Boolean Statements. Plots Database Based on a Comprehensive Data Model which Includes Hundreds of Commonly Collected Plot Attributes. Archival Databases Designed with Scalabilty in Mind. Vegetation Community and Plant Taxonomy Databases Based on Emerging Concept-Based Taxonomic Data Models. Integration Collection Integration of Legacy Plots Data From: - Government Agencies - Academic Institutions 'Concept-Based Taxonomic Normalization' Dynamic Linking Between Plots and Vegetation Community Assignment. Uses Extensible Markup Language (XML) to Automate the Import of Data From Legacy Data Sources to the Vegetation Databases. Development Cycle Preliminary design Build prototype #n interface Design modification are made Supported by 3 other NCEAS Developers Database Design: Aug. 2000 – Jan. 2001 Interface Design: Nov. 2000 – Feb. 2001 Build prototype #1 interface User evaluates interface Evaluation studied by designer Backend Development: Jan. 2001 Interface Development: Mar. 2001 – Backend Version: Prototype 3 Interface Version: Prototype 1 Expected Beta Release: Late Sept. – Mid Oct. Plots Database Design communityType projectContributor project PROJECTCONTRIBUTOR_ID PROJECT_ID(FK) PARTY_ID(FK) roleCode PROJECT_ID projectName description startDate stopDate Red Text --> Required Fields Black Text --> Optional Fields Green Header --> Auxiliary table stratum communityUsage COMMUNITYTYPE_ID communityName communityDescription CEGLCode classificationCode stratumCompostion COMMUNITYUSAGE_ID PARTY_ID(FK) OBS_ID(FK) COMMUNITYTYPE_ID(FK) type[yes/no] startDate stopDate classQuality STRATUM_ID OBS_ID(FK) STRATUMTYPEID(FK) stratumCover stratumHeight STRATUMCOMPOSITION_ID TAXONOBSERVATION_ID STRATUM_ID(FK) percentCoverage (FK) inferenceClassIndex plotPlace PLOTPLACE_ID PLOT_ ID (FK) NAMEDPLACE_ID(FK) stratumType SAMPLEMETHOD_ID sampleMethodName sampleMethodDescription CITATION_ID (FK) plot PLOT_ID PROJECT_ID (FK) authorCode PARENT (FK) origLat origLong azimuth horizPosAccuracy shape area dsgpolyo subPlotInferenceArea subPlotDispersion areaAccuracy elevationValue elevationAccuracy slopeAspect slopeGradient topoPosition hydrologicRegime soilDrainage surfGeo USGSquad state county country ownerConfidentiality layoutNarrative placementMethod sourceCitation(FK) sensitivity landFormIndex terrainShapeIndex soilSeries soilGreatGroup PREVIOUSPLOTVERS (FK) plotVersion locationNarrative namedPlace NAMEDPLACE_ID PLOT_ID(FK) placeName placeDesc GAZATEERREF(FK) graphic GRAPHIC_ID PLOT_ID(FK) graphicName graphicDescription graphicType graphicData coverIndex COVERINDEX_ID COVERMETHOD_ID(FK) indexCode upperLimit lowerLimit indexDescription coverMethod COVERMETHOD_ID CITATION_ID(FK) coverType CITATIONCONTRIBUTOR_ID CITATION_ID(FK) PARTY_ID(FK) roleCode PLOTCONTRIBUTOR_ID OBS _ID (FK) PARTY_ID(FK) roleCode institution plotObservation OBS_ID PLOT_ID (FK) PREVIOUSOBS (FK) SAMPLEMETHOD_ID(FK) COVERMETHOD_ID(FK) authorObsCode obsStartDate obsEndDate dateAccuracy effortLevel plotQuality hardCopyLocation treeStemArea soilType soilDepth soilDepthRange percentRockGravel percentSoil percentLitter percentWood percentWater percentSand percentSilt percentClay percentOrganic percentBaseSaturation soilPH vegetationOrigin landUseFormer landUseCurrent timeSinceFire PREVIOUSOBSERVATIONVERS (FK) observationVersion STRATUMTYPE_ID stratumName stratumDescription treeStem STEM_ID TAXONOBSERVATION_ID(FK) stemCode stemDiameter stemDiameterAccuracy stemPosition stemHeight stemHeightAccuracy stemCount notationIntersection NOTATIONINTERSECTION_ID OBS_ID (FK) tableName attributeName tableRecord NOTATION_ID(FK) notation NOTATION_ID notationText notationDate PARTY_ID(FK) notationType taxonObservation TAXONOBSERVATION_ID OBS_ID(FK) authNameId -originaltaxonname originalAuthority originalAuthorityRef(FK) cumStrataCoverage userDefined definedValue USERDEFINED_ID userDefinedName userDefinedCategory userDefinedType userDefinedMetadata tableName DEFINEDVALUE_ID USERDEFINED_ID(FK) value tableRecord citationContributor plotContributor citation CITATION_ID OBS_ID (FK) SAMPLEMETHOD_ID title alternateTitle pubDate edition editionDate seriesName issueIdentification otherCitationDetails page ISBN ISSN vegPlotParty PARTY_ID salutation givenName surName organizationName positionName hoursOfService contactInstructions address ADDRESS_ID PARTY_ID(FK) deliveryPoint city administrativeArea postalCode country currentFlag CLASSINDEX_ID TAXONOBSERVATION_ID(FK) OBS _ID(FK) STRATUMCOMPOSITION_ID(FK) indexType(height,diameter,both) className indexCode lowerLimit upperLimit meanValue indexDescription inferenceArea sampleMethod telephone email TELEPHONE_ID PARTY_ID(FK) phoneNumber phoneType EMAIL_ID PARTY_ID(FK) emailAddress revisions taxonInterpretation INTERPRETATION_ID TAXONOBSERVATION_ID(FK) PARTY_ID(FK) role taxonRef_id(FK) taxonCircumName_id(FK) taxonName_id(FK) interpretationDate type notes REVISION_ID tableName tableAttribute tableRecord revisionDate previousValueText previousValueType revisedValueTexT previousREVISION_ID(FK) Plots Database Design Goals Support the National Vegetation Classification. Provide a comprehensive facility to store the most commonly collected vegetation plot data attributes. Provide the user with a large number of user-defined attributes to store not-so-commonly collected data. Integrate plots with the dynamic plant taxonomy and vegetation community data. Design meeting September 2000, NCEAS Project Plot Project: Top-level vegetation-related project information. May include: Project contributor information, Over-arching project description, Date range for the project... Plot: Environmental and conditional data that do not change between sampling events. May include: Location Information, Static environmental attributes (geology, slope, etc.)... Plant Taxonomic Observation(s): Plant abundance/coverage data may be stored for any or all of the strata comprising a plot. Uniquely, we have designed the ability for interpretations of taxonomic elements to be made and stored in the database subsequent to the upload of a plot. Notice the taxonomic element interpretation is linked directly to the 'concept-based' plant taxonomy database. StratumCompostion PlotObservation VegCommunity Plot Observation(s): Environmental and conditional data that have the potential to change between sampling events. May include: Soil composition, Observation details (dates, contributors, etc.)... Vegetation Community: Vegetation community assignment. Notice the link into the 'concept-based' vegetation community database. Queries issued based on a vegetation community attribute may be used to select all the plots interpreted as that community type. TaxonObservation Interpretation 6.1 Plot attributes project project: Stores information about a vegetation sampling project - for which there may be multiple plots. plot: Contains plot specific identification, location, and environmental data that are expected to remain constant during the observational life of the plot. plotPlace: Links a plot with a named place. graphic plot plotPlace namedPlace: Stores a series of place names, their descriptions and a link to a reference in an external database. namedPlace plotObservation: Environmental and conditional data that have the potential to change between sampling events are stored in this table. plotObservation graphic: Stores graphical files related to a plot. stratumComposition: The percent coverage of a specific taxon within a specific stratum is stored here. stratum: General data regarding the dimensions of the various strata are included in this table. 6.2 Plot observations stratum stratumCompostion plot stratumType: Contains the names of various strata recognized in the plot. inferenceClassIndex: Contains information about classification schemes used to infer plot properties. stratumType inferenceClassIndex plotObservation: Environmental and conditional data that have the potential to change between sampling events are stored in this table. plotObservation taxonObservation coverMethod sampleMethod: Stores information about the sampling methodology used for sampling plots. sampleMethod stemData: Contains information about physical properties of plant stems observed within a plot. taxonObservation: Contains data related to the species of vegetation sampled within the plot. coverMethod: Links a plot to a cover classification type that was used while sampling a plot. coverIndices: Stores the various classes used in the different cover indices and the quantatative/qualitative meaning for each of the indices. coverIndices stemData taxonInference: Stores data about the inference area for a specific plant species within a specific stratum. interpretation interpretation: Contains interpretations made about the taxa recognized in various plot observations. projectContributor 6.3 Plot contributors plotContributor: a party to a plot projectContributor: a party to a project Links vegPlotParty: Stores general information about a party (an individual or organization) who had a role in the business of plot collection Links plotContributor citationContributor: a party to a citation Links vegPlotParty citationContributor address plotContributor: of the party Address telephone email telephone: Phone number(s) of the party email: Email address of the party 6.4 Plot classification communityType: Stores names of communities and links to other community oriented databases such as HDMS communityUsage: Links a community name to a plot observation as applied by a particular party. communityType communityUsage plotObservation 6.5 Supporting functions notationIntersection: Links a specific database element to a note. notationIntersection notation userDefined: Links user defined fields with a database element. definedValue: Stores user defined values userDefined definedValue revisions notation: Store a note that is linked to a database element. revisions: Stores changes made in the database Taxonomy Module •Smithsonian meeting: Peet-Taswell model vs Berendsohn model •FGDC Biological Nomenclature Working Group •Update on ABI & HDMS •Prospects for implementation •The difficult choice Taxonomy Database Design Goals Logical separation of a "taxonomic name" with the "taxonomic concept", so that taxonomic data can be stored at the most 'atomic' level without ambiguity The ability to incorporate multiple organizations' 'views' of how a taxonomic name is applied to a taxonomic concept The ability to link a taxonomic name used in the Plots database with a 'name - concept' pair in the taxonomic database. *Although one can store vegetation community data in the same database table-structure as the plant taxonomy database, we have implemented two separate table structures and have created two separate data sets. Taxon Usage Taxon Usage: The usage of a taxon is an application of a 'Taxon Name' with a 'Taxon Concept'. This usage may vary depending on the organization populating the database Taxon Lineage: The lineage entity stores information related to how concepts 'lump' or 'split'. Taxon Lineage Taxon Concept: The concept is the over-arching 'definition' of what the taxon element is. In the database, a key associated with each unique concept is stored in this entity. Taxon Concept Taxon Correlation: The correlation entity stores information related to how concepts 'overlap'. Taxon Correlation Taxon Name Taxon Citation Taxon Name: The name used to describe a taxonomic element. Taxon Citation: A reference to literature describing a specific taxonomic element. Central Vegetation Database System Web server HTTP XML + stylesheets web client J a v a Data Access Module Community Access S e r v le t HTTP PlotsAccess Central Vegetation Database J D B C Plots Plant Taxonomy PlantAccess XML/HTML Embedded Vegetation Database System Data Access Module Community Access XML desk top client PlotsAccess PlantAccess Central Vegetation Database(s) J D B C National Plots DB plant taxonomy veg community Vegetation Community Development Choices Representative tools reflect the desire to have the following features: High performance Robust Open architecture Platform neutral Scaleable Features - JAVA Java -- Write once, Cross platform – Linux, Windows, MacOS* Java Servlet -- Dynamic, database-driven, web content JDBC -- Connect to any database - Oracle, PostgreSql, SQL Server backend Swing -- Classy interface tools Beans -- Reusable components * Not tested yet :-) Features - XML XML: is the format for structured data on the Web. Simple and flexible data conversions, using XSLT Straightforward to write generic tools which export parts of a relational database as XML encoded data, or even to write generic code that serializes Java (or other) objects as XML data structures. Examples later… An Example Workflow Using Wisconsin Plots Data What data integration means to us Taxonomic / Semantic Integration Data formatting for database ingestion General Comments about Current Format Data Parsing Transformation to XML standard Legacy Data Loader Plots Data Integration & DB Ingestion Reformat by Hand Research MS Access MS Excel Perl Shell scripts ? Plots DB Integration What is meant by data integration? … Taxonomic Integration Carya carolinae-sept. (Ashe) Engler & Graebner Carya ovata (Miller)K. Koch Carya ovata sec. Gleason 1952 (Miller)K. Koch sec. Radford et al. 1968 Splitting one species into two illustrates the ambiguity often associated with scientific names. If you encounter the name “Carya ovata (Miller) K. Koch” in a database, you cannot be sure which of two meanings applies. Integration Semantic Integration of Plot Attributes ‘Basic yet Important’ Cover Scales Strata Dimensions Environmental Attributes Integration Parse Data from Forms into Table Structure to be Transformed into XML Consistent with the Database Structure Text Forms Columnar Tables Integration XML Parsed Data Text Forms Columnar Tables plotCode Hemlock1 Oak1 Oak2 communityName state placeName Hemlock Draw [Hemlock-Yellow birch] WI Hemlock Draw Nature Preserve Southern Dry Mesic Red Oak-White Oak-Sugar Maple WI ForestHemlock Draw Nature Preserve Southern Dry Mesic Red Oak-White Oak-Sugar Maple WI ForestHemlock Draw Nature Preserve plotCode Hemlock1 Oak1 Oak2 Integration quadCode Black Haw k Black Haw k Black Haw k communityName state placeName Hemlock Draw [Hemlock-Yellow WI Hemlock birch] Draw Nature Preserve Southern Dry Mesic Red WI Oak-White HemlockOak-Sugar Draw Nature Maple Preserve Forest Southern Dry Mesic Red WI Oak-White HemlockOak-Sugar Draw Nature Maple Preserve Forest Xcoord ? ? ? quadCode Black Haw k Black Haw k Black Haw k Xcoord ? ? ? Ycoord CoordType obsDate ? UTM 9-Jul-01 ? UTM 9-Jul-01 ? UTM 9-Jul-01 Ycoord CoordType obsDate ? UTM 9-Jul-01 ? UTM 9-Jul-01 ? UTM 9-Jul-01 contributorscontributorsInst plotShape plotSize (m^2)PlotRepresentativeness Shannon Menard, ABI Eric Epstein, squareElizabeth Spencer 100 Disjunct, small patch forest Shannon Menard, ABI Eric Epstein, squareElizabeth Spencer, 100 Paul Matrix West, forest Jimtype Welsh, in the Emmet Bar Shannon Menard, ABI Eric Epstein, squareElizabeth Spencer, 100 Paul Matrix West, forest Jimtype Welsh, in the Emmet Bar contributorscontributorsInst plotShape plotSize (m^2)PlotRepresentativeness Shannon Menard, ABI Eric Epstein, squareElizabeth Spencer 100 Disjunct, small patch forest type along draw s w ithin the Bara Shannon Menard, ABI Eric Epstein, squareElizabeth Spencer, 100 Paul Matrix West, forest Jimtype Welsh, in the Emmet Baraboo Judziew Hillsicz, region John ofWagner WI Shannon Menard, ABI Eric Epstein, squareElizabeth Spencer, 100 Paul Matrix West, forest Jimtype Welsh, in the Emmet Baraboo Judziew Hillsicz, region John ofWagner WI Transform Parsed Data to XML Consistent with the Plots Database Columnar Tables Legacy Data Loader Data Definition (XML) Integration Plots DB XML Data Definition (XML) – Single file <plotDataPackage> <plotDataFile> <fileName>siteData.csv</fileName> <attributeDelimeter>’,’</attributeDelimeter> <fileTheme> site data </fileTheme> <attribute> plotCode Hemlock1 Oak1 Oak2 communityName Hemlock Draw [Hemlock-Yellow birch] Southern Dry Mesic Red Oak-White Oak-Sugar Maple Forest Southern Dry Mesic Red Oak-White Oak-Sugar Maple Forest state WI WI WI <attributeName>plotCode</attributeName> <plotDBAttribute>authorPlotCode</plotDBAttribute> <attributePosition>1</attributePosition> </attribute> <attribute> <attributeName>communityName</attributeName> <plotDBAttribute>communityName</plotDBAttribute> <attributePosition>2</attributePosition> </attribute> … <state> </plotDataFile> Integration </plotDataPackage> Data Definition (XML) – Multiple files <plotDataFile> <fileName>vegData.csv</fileName> <constraint> <fileName>siteData.csv</fileName> <themeName> site data </themeName> plotCode Hemlock1 Oak1 Oak2 communityName Hemlock Draw [Hemlock-Yellow birch] Southern Dry Mesic Red Oak-White Oak-Sugar Maple Forest Southern Dry Mesic Red Oak-White Oak-Sugar Maple Forest state WI WI WI <attributeName>authorPlotCode</attributeName> <cardnality>'+'</cardnality> </constraint> <attributeDelimeter>‘,’</attributeDelimeter> <fileTheme>species</fileTheme> plotCode taxonName strataName Oak1 Quercus rubra T2 Oak1 Anenome quinquefolia H strataCover 5 1 <attribute> <attributeName>plotName</attributeName> <plotDBAttribute>authorPlotCode</plotDBAttribute> <attributePosition>1</attributePosition> </attribute> <attribute> <attributeName>scientificName</attributeName> <plotDBAttribute>taxonName</plotDBAttribute> <attributePosition>2</attributePosition> </attribute> Integration Plots Database XML <plot> <authorPlotCode> </authorPlotCode> <plotType> </plotType> <samplingMethod> </samplingMethod> <plotOriginLat> </plotOriginLat> <plotOriginLong> </plotOriginLong> <plotShape> </plotShape> <plotSize> </plotSize> <plotSizeAcc> </plotSizeAcc> <altValue> </altValue> <altPosAcc> </altPosAcc> <slopeAspect> </slopeAspect> <slopeGradient> </slopeGradient> <slopePosition> </slopePosition> <hydrologicRegime> </hydrologicRegime> <soilDrainage> </soilDrainage> <surfGeo> </surfGeo> <plotObservation> <previousPlot> </previousPlot> <plotStartDate> </plotStartDate> <plotStopDate> </plotStopDate> <dateAccuracy> </dateAccuracy> <effortLevel> </effortLevel> Integration <strata> <stratumCover> </stratumCover> <stratumHeight> </stratumHeight> </strata> <taxonObservations> <authNameId> </authNameId> <originalAuthority> </originalAuthority> <strataComposition> <strataType> </strataType> <percentCover> </percentCover> </strataComposition> </taxonObservations> <communityType> <classAssociation> </classAssociation> <classQuality> </classQuality> <startDate> </startDate> <stopDate> </stopDate> </communityType> </plotObservation> <plotContributor> <role> </role> <party> </party> </plotContributor> </plot> Existing Prototype Functionality Vegetation Database Client Vegetation Desktop Database Client Extra slides to follow: PARTY PARTY_ID ORG_NAME STATUS CORRELATION STATUS_CIRCUM_ID CIRCUM_ID (FK) PARTY_ID (FK) STATUS STARTDATE STOPDATE CORRELATION_ID DOUBLE STATUS_CIRCUM1 (FK) STATUS_CIRCUM2 (FK) CONVERGENCE CORR_START CORR_STOP NAME NAME_ID symbol NAME REF_ID (FK) family commonName Name_author DATE_ENTERED REFERENCE REF_ID AUTHOR DATE_ENTERED CITATION PAGE speciesName ReferenceType NAME_USAGE NAME_USAGE_ID. CIRCUM_ID (FK) NAME_ID (FK) PARTY_ID (FK) USAGE_START USAGE_STOP Acceptence CIRCUMSCRIPTION CIRCUM_ID REF_ID (FK) Notes General Data Management Practices general formats weird formats unusable formats modeled the software after the way that people collect plots data -- at least that is what I thought At times tortuous path to the database in terms of reformating class indicies (these are rectified at the plots loading software step) Management Case: Example from Wisconsin Baraboo Hills -- Collected Yesterday PEL -- Legacy Data Data Transformation of Forms plotCode Hemlock1 Oak1 Oak2 communityName state placeName Hemlock Draw [Hemlock-Yellow birch] WI Hemlock Draw Nature Preserve Southern Dry Mesic Red Oak-White Oak-Sugar Maple WI ForestHemlock Draw Nature Preserve Southern Dry Mesic Red Oak-White Oak-Sugar Maple WI ForestHemlock Draw Nature Preserve plotCode Hemlock1 Oak1 Oak2 communityName state placeName Hemlock Draw [Hemlock-Yellow WI Hemlock birch] Draw Nature Preserve Southern Dry Mesic Red WI Oak-White HemlockOak-Sugar Draw Nature Maple Preserve Forest Southern Dry Mesic Red WI Oak-White HemlockOak-Sugar Draw Nature Maple Preserve Forest quadCode Black Haw k Black Haw k Black Haw k quadCode Black Haw k Black Haw k Black Haw k Xcoord ? ? ? Xcoord ? ? ? Ycoord CoordType obsDate ? UTM 9-Jul-01 ? UTM 9-Jul-01 ? UTM 9-Jul-01 Ycoord CoordType obsDate ? UTM 9-Jul-01 ? UTM 9-Jul-01 ? UTM 9-Jul-01 contributorscontributorsInst plotShape plotSize (m^2)PlotRepresentativeness Shannon Menard, ABI Eric Epstein, squareElizabeth Spencer 100 Disjunct, small patch forest Shannon Menard, ABI Eric Epstein, squareElizabeth Spencer, 100 Paul Matrix West, forest Jimtype Welsh, in the Emmet Bar Shannon Menard, ABI Eric Epstein, squareElizabeth Spencer, 100 Paul Matrix West, forest Jimtype Welsh, in the Emmet Bar contributorscontributorsInst plotShape plotSize (m^2)PlotRepresentativeness Shannon Menard, ABI Eric Epstein, squareElizabeth Spencer 100 Disjunct, small patch forest type along draw s w ithin the Baraboo Hills region of Shannon Menard, ABI Eric Epstein, squareElizabeth Spencer, 100 Paul Matrix West, forest Jimtype Welsh, in the Emmet Baraboo Judziew Hillsicz, region John ofWagner WI Shannon Menard, ABI Eric Epstein, squareElizabeth Spencer, 100 Paul Matrix West, forest Jimtype Welsh, in the Emmet Baraboo Judziew Hillsicz, region John ofWagner WI Project Project: Top-level vegetation-related project information. May include: Project contributor information, Over-arching project description, Date range for the project... Plot Plot: Environmental and conditional data that do not change between sampling events. May include: Location Information, Static environmental attributes (geology, slope, etc.)... Plant Taxonomic Observation(s): Plant abundance/coverage data may be stored for any or all of the strata comprising a plot. Uniquely, we have designed the ability for interpretations of taxonomic elements to be made and stored in the database subsequent to the upload of a plot. Notice the taxonomic element interpretation is linked directly to the 'concept-based' plant taxonomy database. StratumCompostion PlotObservation VegCommunity Plot Observation(s): Environmental and conditional data that have the potential to change between sampling events. May include: Soil composition, Observation details (dates, contributors, etc.)... Vegetation Community: Vegetation community assignment. Notice the link into the 'concept-based' vegetation community database. Queries issued based on a vegetation community attribute may be used to select all the plots interpreted as that community type. TaxonObservation Interpretation