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EOCT Review
Day 1: Cells
SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the
relationships between structures and functions in
living cells.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Explain the role of cell organelles for both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the
cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and
cell reproduction.
Explain how enzymes function as catalysts.
Identify the function of the four major
macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids).
Explain the impact of water on life processes
(i.e., osmosis, diffusion)
SB1a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining
homeostasis and cell reproduction.


Prokaryotic: No nucleus or membrane-bound
structures
 Ex. Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
Eukaryotic: have nucleus and membrane-bound
structures
 Ex. Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists
 Plant cells: have chloroplasts, cell wall
 Animal cells: no cell wall or chloroplasts
SB1a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining
homeostasis and cell reproduction.

Important organelles






Nucleus: contains DNA, which controls cell
functions
Chloroplasts: capture solar energy for
photosynthesis
Golgi: modify, sort, and ship proteins and
lipids
Mitochondria: production of ATP (energy)
Ribosomes: synthesis of proteins
Cell membrane: controls movement of
substances in an out of the cell
SB1b. Explain how enzymes function as
catalysts.
Enzymes are biological catalysts, meaning
they speed up chemical reactions
 Enzymes are proteins
 Enzymes bind to a specific substrate at
the active site, forming products
 Enzymes function by lowering activation
energy
 The rate of reaction depends on the
concentration of the enzyme

SB1b. Explain how enzymes function as
catalysts.
SB1c. Identify the function of the four major
macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids).

Carbohydrates




Function: energy storage
Monomer: monosaccharides
Ex. Glucose, sucrose, cellulose, starch
Lipids


Function: energy storage, insulation,
waterproofing
Ex. Fats, oils, waxes
SB1c. Identify the function of the four major
macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids).

Proteins




Function: Control rate of cell reactions, form
structures
Monomer: amino acids
Ex. Enzymes, antibodies
Nucleic acids



Function: store genetic information
Monomer: nucleotides
Ex. DNA, RNA
SB1d. Explain the impact of water on
life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion)

Passive transport: requires no energy


Diffusion: movement of substances from an
area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
Osmosis: movement of water from an area of
high water concentration to an area of low
water concentration

Hypotonic: low solute concentration
 Water moves into a cell (cell swells) when in a
hypotonic solution

Hypertonic: high solute concentration
 Water moves out of a cell (cell shrinks) when in a
hypertonic solution
SB1d. Explain the impact of water on
life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion)
SB1d. Explain the impact of water on
life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion)

Active Transport: Requires Energy


Endocytosis: cell surrounds and takes in
substances from its environment
Exocytosis: substances leave the cell