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Slide 3.1 The four basic premises of Darwin’s theory 1. The world’s animal and plant communities are dynamic, not static: they change over time with new forms originating and others becoming extinct. 2. The evolutionary process is gradual and continuous. New species arise through slow and steady environmental changes that gradually ‘perfect’ each species to its surroundings. When sudden and dramatic changes occur in the environment, a species’ ability to adapt is usually challenged. Some species adapt and live; others become extinct. 3. All organisms descended from an original and common ancestor. Over time, the process of natural selection has created different species, each specifically adapted to its ecological niche. 4. Natural selection not only causes changes within populations during changing environmental conditions but also acts to maintain the status quo under relatively constant environmental conditions. Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Slide 3.2 Major milestones in human evolution Source: Adapted from Lewin, R., Human Evolution: An illustrated introduction. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc., 1984. Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Slide 3.3 The genetic determination of sex Source: CNRI Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers Inc. Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Slide 3.4 Patterns of inheritance for eye colour (a) Source: Adapted from Klug, W.S. and Cummings, M.R., Concepts of Genetics (2nd edition). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1986. © 1986 Scott, Foresman & Co. Reprinted by permission of Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Slide 3.5 Patterns of inheritance for eye colour (b) Source: Adapted from Klug, W.S. and Cummings, M.R., Concepts of Genetics (2nd edition). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1986. © 1986 Scott, Foresman & Co. Reprinted by permission of Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Slide 3.6 Patterns of inheritance for eye colour (c) Source: Adapted from Klug, W.S. and Cummings, M.R., Concepts of Genetics (2nd edition). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1986. © 1986 Scott, Foresman & Co. Reprinted by permission of Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Slide 3.7 Concordance rates between MZ and DZ twins for various traits Source: Klug, W.S. and Cummings, M.R., Concepts of Genetics (2nd edition). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1986. Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Slide 3.8 Concordance rates between MZ and DZ twins for (a) attitudes and (b) personalities Source: Adapted from Olson, J.M., Vernon, P.A., Harris, J.A., and Jang, K.L. The heritability of attitudes: A study of twins. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001, 80(6) 845–860, copyright 2001 by the American Psychological Association, reprinted with permission. Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Slide 3.9 Concordance rates between MZ and DZ twins for (a) attitudes and (b) personalities (continued) Source: Adapted from Olson, J.M., Vernon, P.A., Harris, J.A., and Jang, K.L. The heritability of attitudes: A study of twins. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001, 80(6) 845–860, copyright 2001 by the American Psychological Association, reprinted with permission. Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Slide 3.10 Reproductive strategies Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Slide 3.11 Waist-to-hip ratio and physical attraction Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Attractiveness ratings of men against (a) waist-to-chest ratio and (b) body mass index Slide 3.12 Source: Maisey, D.S., Vale, E.L.E., Cornelissen, P.L. and Tovee, M.J., Characteristics of male attractiveness for women. The Lancet, 1999, 353, 1500, reprinted with permission from Elsevier. Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Slide 3.13 Infidelity Source: Harris, C.R., Sexual and romantic jealousy in heterosexual and homosexual adults. Psychological Science, 2002, 13(1), 7–12, reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006