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Unit Four: Social Organization Living together in Humans
Chapter Five and Six (pages 132 to 178)
TEST REVIEW QUESTIONS
Chapter 6
1. How do sociologists distinguish among social groups, aggregates and categories? Provide an
example for each.
2. Suggest how a category might become an aggregate or social group. What changes would
have to occur in context and experience for these shifts to happen?
3. Define Cooley’s concepts of primary and secondary groups and provide examples of each.
4. Define Sumner’s concepts of ingroups and outgroups and provide examples of each.
5. Provide situations in which you may experience group boundaries formally and informally.
6. What do sociologists consider a formal organization to be? Explain and give an example.
7. What is a reference group?
8. How does group size affect interactions within a group?
9. What group conformity?
10. To what extent do groups exert a powerful influence in our lives?
11. What did Asch’s research reveal about group conformity?
12. What did Milgram’s research reveal about people’s obedience to authority?
13. What is groupthink?
14. Why do people not speak up when they disagree with a group decision?
15. Know Irving Janis’s model illustrating the process of groupthink (page 175)
16. What is a formal organization?
17. What is normative organization?
18. What is a coercive organization?
19. What is a utilitarian organization?
Chapter 5
1. What is the difference between studying society and social structure at a microlevel versus
a microlevel?
2. What is social structure?
3. According the functionalist perspective, why social structure essential?
4. What are the main criticisms of social structure?
5. What is social marginality and how can social structure lead to this?
6. What is stigma and provide an example.
7. What are the 3 social positions of the social structure framework?
8. Define and provide an example for each of the following:
a. Status
b. Status Set
c. Ascribed Status
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
Achieved Status
Master Status
Status Symbol
Roles
Role expectation
Role performance
Role conflict
Role strain
Role distancing
Role Exit
9. Can a person’s role performance be the same as the role expectation? Explain using an
example.
10. What are the four stages of “role exit”?
11. What are social institutions?
12. What are the five traditional social institutions?
13. What are the four social institutions that have merged more recently?
14. Functionalist theorists emphasize that social institutions exist because they perform 5
essential tasks. What are these essential tasks?
15. What changes have occurred in society that has caused social arrangements in society
to become more complex?
16. According to Durkheim, how do societies maintain some degree of solidarity in the face
of such changes?
17. How do Gemeinschaft and Gessellschaft societies differ in social solidarity?
18. Review “Social Interaction: Microlevel Perspective” text questions you have just
completed.
Good luck 