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Properties of Neurons • • • • • Excitable Receive inputs Integrate signals Conduct signals to other locations Transmit outputs to other cells Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golgiapparatus.html Dendritic spines http://sitemaker.umich.edu/terryrobinson/par1_pyramidal_cell >2 meters Synaptic terminal Types of synapses Type I Type II • round vesicles • flattened vesicles • wider cleft • narrower cleft • prominent post-synaptic density • less prominent density Variation in placement of cell body Most retinal amacrine cells lack axons Gap junction - substrate for electrical synapses Wagner, C. Kidney International (2008) 73, 547–555 Glia in neurological disease gliosis glioma demyelinating diseases oligodendrocyte Schwann cell Schwann cells and myelin sheath Oligodendrocyte astrocytes Astrocytes Fibrous Protoplasmic (white matter) (grey matter) Calcium waves in retinal glial cells Orientation tuning in cortical astrocytes Schummers J, Yu H, Sur M. Science. 2008 Jun 20;320(5883):1638-43. microglial cell ependymal cell