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ARTICULATIONS • • • • Joints between bones Hold bones firmly to each other Permit movement Classified by degree of movement (range of motion) and type of substance between bones 1. SYNARTHROSES • Immovable • Bound together by dense, fibrous connective tissue (ligaments) or bony fusions • 4 types: – Sutures (fibrous) – Gomphoses - tooth root + alveolar processes of mandible or maxillae (fibrous) – Synostosis – bony fusion – epiphyseal line, metopic sutures – Synchondroses (joint between ribs and sternum; epiphyseal plate) (hyaline cartilage) 2. AMPHIARTHROSES • Slight movement • Cartilaginous • 2 types: – Symphysis (located along midline of body) (fibrocartilage) – Syndesmoses (radius + ulna; tibia + fibula) 3. DIARTHROSES • • • • • Freely moveable joints Most mobile and complex Synovial joints See drawing 6 kinds: – Hinge, pivot, gliding, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket A. HINGE JOINTS • Movement in one plane • Flexion (decrease angle between 2 bones) • Extension (increase angle between 2 bones) • Elbow, knee, ankle, occipital condyles and atlas, interphalangeal B. PIVOT JOINTS • Rotational movement in one plane • A projection of one bone articulates with a ring or notch of another bone • C1 and C2, head of radius and radial notch of ulna C. GLIDING JOINTS • Side to side movements (slight movement) • Flat surfaces slide over each other • Carpals, tarsals, clavicles and sternum, articular facets of vertebrae D. CONDYLOID • Movement in two planes (biaxial) • Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction • Interphalangeal joints, carpometacarpal joints (wrist) E. SADDLE • Carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb • One convex face, one concave face F. BALL AND SOCKET • Movement in all planes • Shoulder and hip joints MOVEMENT AT DIARTHROTIC JOINTS • Depends upon shape of articulating surfaces of bones, position of ligaments, muscles and tendons ANGULAR MOVEMENTS • • • • • • • Flexion Extension Hyperextension Plantarflexion Dorsiflexion Abduction Adduction CIRCULAR MOVEMENTS • • • • Rotation Circumduction Supination Pronation SPECIAL MOVEMENTS • • • • • • • Inversion Eversion Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression Gliding (simplest; no circular or angular) HUMEROSCAPULAR JOINT • Glenoid labrum • Superior, medial and inferior glenohumeral ligaments • Rotator cuff HIP JOINT • Less movement than shoulder • One of strongest • Ileofemoral, ischiofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments KNEE JOINT • Largest, one of most complex and most frequently injured • Medial and lateral menisci (fibrocartilage pads) • Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments • MCL and LCL • 13 bursae • Patellar ligament VERTEBRAL JOINTS • Herniated discs WHAT AM I??? • • • • • • Osteoarthritis Bursitis Rheumatoid arthritis Gout Osgood-Schlatter Disease Arthroscopy